312 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



per cent, from Java and other countries, whereas 

 in 1878 China furnished nearly 81 per cent.. India 

 only 17 per cent., and other countries 2 per cent., 

 the great tea industry of Ceylon not having been 

 established ut that time. The total value of imports 

 in 1897 wii- 6451,888,688; of exports of British 

 produce, .f'J:M.:i"(MK>:{ : of exports of foreign anil co- 

 lonial produce, 59,833.677. The imports of live 

 animals for food were valued at 11,380.332; of ar- 

 ticles of food and drink free of duty. 151,550.115; 

 of dutiable articles of food and drink, comprising 

 tea, coffee, cocoa, wine, spirits, dried fruits, etc., 

 7!) 1.5 15 ; of tobacco, 4,072,435 ; of metals, 21,- 

 2>-">,363: of chemical substances, dyestuffs, and tans, 

 6.000.210 ; of oils, 7,641,231 ; of raw textiles, 70,- 

 J;::..-)H; of raw materials for other industries and 

 manufactures. 52,085,336; of manufactured arti- 

 cles, 4 ->~' !' miscellaneous articles, 14,- 

 139,314 ; imports by parcel post, 1,004,930. 



A iimn:; the exports of British produce and manu- 

 factures the value of live animals was 1,133,115; 

 of articles of food and drink, 12,138,542; of raw 

 materials, 20,140,090 ; of yarns and textile fabrics, 

 96.018.472; of metals and metal manufactures, 

 34,487,808 ; of machinery and mill work, 16,282,- 

 085 ; of apparel and articles of personal use, 9,- 

 878,192 ; of chemical products and medicinal prepa- 

 rations, 8,674,864; of all other manufactured or 

 partly manufactured articles, 32,939,649; exports 

 by parcel post, 2,057,186. 



The imports of wheat, not including flour, were 

 14,659.600 quarters in 1897. The imports from the 

 United States were 34.603,200, from Russia 15,049,- 

 900, from Canada 4,820.500, from Turkey 1,862,640, 

 from Germany 1,333,400, from Roumania 1,224,- 

 340. from Chili 1,019,300, from the Argentine Re- 

 public 933,100, and from India 572,760 hundred- 

 weight. The imports of flour were 18.680,669 hun- 

 dredweight, of which 14,062,970 hundredweight 

 came from the United States. The total imports of 

 cereals and flour were 177,706,840 hundredweight; 

 of potatoes, 3,922.319 ; of rice, 5.178,862 ; of bacon 

 and hams, 6,730,790; of fish, 2.449,730; of refined 

 sugar, 15,832,092; of raw sugar, 13,552,227; of tea 

 for home consumption, 231,399,778 pounds; of but- 

 ter. 3.217,801 hundredweight ; of margarine, 936,- 

 543 ; of cheese, 2,603.608 ; of beef, 3,185,623 ; of pre- 

 served meat, 669,785; of fresh mutton, 3,193,276; 

 the number of sheep and lambs imported, 611,504 ; 

 of cattle, 618,336; the quantity of wine for con- 

 sumption, 15,853,071 ; and of proof spirits, 8,301,010 

 gallons. The values of the leading articles of im- 

 port in 1897 were 53,579,745 for grain and flour, 

 32,194,732 for raw cotton, 27,368,484 for meat 

 24,436.872 for wool, 23,636.361 for timber and 

 wood, 18,402.281 for butter and margarine, 16,- 

 912,388 for silk manufactures, 15,950,797 for raw 

 and refined sugar, 11.380,332 for live animals, 

 10,903,179 for woolen manufactures, 10.443.104 

 for tea, 9,109,253 for flax, hemp, and jute, 7,648.- 

 147 for leather and dressed hides and skins, 7 641 - 

 231 for oils, 6,633.438 for fruits and hops. 6,438.- 

 513 for wines. 6,006,210 for chemicals, dyestuffs, 

 and medicinal preparations, 5.886,546 for cheese, 

 5.772,054 for iron manufactures, 5.751,045 for 

 seeds, 4,435,934 for iron ore. 4.356.799 for eggs, 

 4.072.435 for tobacco, 3,571.443 for coffee, 3,- 

 040.758 for copper, 2,752,406 for copper ore, 2,- 

 11. >.:{; I for currants and raisins. 2.033.300 for lead, 

 1.088,262 for zinc and manufactures of zinc, 1,- 

 "* for tin ; and 539,509 for pig iron. 



The exports of cotton fabrics were valued at 

 54,061.269. and of cotton yarn at 9,932,447. mak- 

 ing a total for cotton manufactures of 63.993,716; 

 the exports of woolen fabrics at 15,982,888, and of 

 woolen yarn at 4,842.187. making the total for 

 woolen manufactures 20,825,025; the exports of 



linen fabrics at 4,774,310, and of linen yarn at 

 976,658, making the total for linen manufactures 

 5,750,968; the exports of jute fabrics at 2,168,- 

 071, and of jute yarn at 529.951, making a total of 

 2,698,022 ; the exports of apparel and haberdashery 

 at 6,466,080. The sum total for textile manufac- 

 tures was 99,723,811. The total value of the iron 

 and steel exports was 24,639.643. of which 2,892,- 

 373 represent pig iron, 1,084,373 bar, angle, bolt, 

 and rod iron, 3,858.734 railroad iron of all sorts, 

 866,593 wire, 3,037,279 tin plates, 3,458,758 

 hoops, sheets, and plates, 4,885,275 cast and wrought 

 iron of all kinds, 239,185 old iron, and 4,317,073 

 steel and manufactures of steel and mixed steel 

 and iron. This does not include the exports of 

 hardware and cutlery, valued at 2,107,264, or of 

 machinery, valued at 16,282,085. The principal 

 other exports are copper goods, of the value of 

 2,530,265; coal, coke, and fuel, of the value of 

 16,659,294; and chemical products, of the value 

 of 8,674,864. 



The quantity of butter imported in 1897 was 

 3,217,801 hundredweight; of margarine, 936,543 

 hundredweight ; of cheese, 2,603,608 hundredweight ; 

 total, 6,757,952 hundredweight, valued at i'24,- 

 288,827. The imports of dairy products have in- 

 creased nearly a third in seven years ; those of but- 

 ter a full third ; while margarine imports have 

 declined. 



The imports of gold in 1897 were 30,808,858, and 

 the exports 30,808,571. The imports of silver 18,- 

 032,090, and the exports 18,780,988. 



British economists and merchants have long been 

 alarmed at the invasion of markets that were once 

 exclusively British, by the manufactured prod- 

 ucts of Germany. The total value of British do- 

 mestic exports in 1897 was still one third greater 

 than the value of the similar exports of Germany. 

 American competition has also cut into the export 

 trade to mpny countries, and the exports to the 

 United States have greatly declined. While the 

 exports of the United States since 1891 have in- 

 creased 18 per cent., those of Great Britain have 

 decreased 5 per cent. The loss of 2,600,000 in the 

 year ending Oct. 31, 1898, is attributed chiefly to 

 the new American tariff. 



Navigation. The number of vessels engaged in 

 foreign commerce entered at the ports of the United 

 Kingdom in 1896 was 63,058, of 42,477,000 tons, of 

 which 38.393, of 30.290,000 tons, were British, and 

 24,665, of 12,188.000 tons, were foreign. The num- 

 ber cleared was 63.239, of 85,462.000 tons, of which 

 38,830. of 61,472,000 tons, were British, and 24.409. 

 of 23,991.000 tons, were foreign. The tonnage of 

 vessels entered with cargoes was 33.480.000, of which 

 24,630,000 tons were British and 8,850,000 tons were 

 foreign. The tonnage of vessels cleared with car- 

 goes was 37,703,000. of which 27,726,000 tons were 

 British and 9,977,000 tons were foreign. Of a total 

 foreign tonnage of 23.990,288 tons entered and 

 cleared, Norway had 5,883,467 tons; Germany, 

 3,823,168; France, 2,397,839; the Netherlands, 

 2.470,138; Denmark, 2.265,153 ; Sweden, 2,236.3*2: 

 Spain, 1,364.003; Belgium, 1,179,646: the United 

 States, 768,597; Russia. 693.455 ; Italy, 279,237; 

 and Austria-Hungary, 237,818. 



The tonnage entered and cleared at the port of 

 London was 15,582,195 tons; at Cardiff, 10.905.144: 

 at Liverpool, 10,883,024: at Newcastle, 4,604.104: 

 at Hull. 4,011.909; at North and South Shields. 

 3.857.468; at Glasgow. 3.191.707; at Southampton, 

 2,998,254; at Newport, 2,385.675 ; at Middlesboro, 

 2,016.807; at Sunderland, 1.801.208: at Leith, 

 1,792,682; at Grimsby, 1,556,745; at Swansea, 

 Grangemouth, Kirkcaldy, and Bristol, more than 

 1,000,000 tons each. 



The number of vessels registered as belonging to 



