322 



HAWAII. 



the Government lost 80 men and the insurgents 

 120. The forces of Morales were far inferior to the 

 troops which the Government was able to move into 

 the revolted district, and at the first engagement at 

 Olos, on Aug. 10, they were defeated and scattered. 

 Manuel Lierandi and Plutarile Bowen, two of the 

 insurgent generals, were killed. Morales, who fell 

 back with the remnant of his army that stayed by 

 him into the Cuchutnatanes mountains, was beaten 

 once more, and afterward was hunted among the 



rocks and caves until he was captured, on. Aug. 17r 

 in a dying condition, having been betrayed by his 

 followers. Acting-President Cabrera announced 

 that the revolution was over and that complete 

 peace prevailed. The Government increased the 

 duties on all imports about 16 per cent. In the 

 presidential election, which had been deferred till 

 September, Cabrera had no competitor. On Sept, 

 25 the National Assembly proclaimed him Presi- 

 dent for the term ending in 1905. 



H 



HAWAII, a republic occupying the Hawaiian 

 Islands in the Pacific Ocean, proclaimed on July 4, 

 189-1. in succession to the Provisional Government 

 that was formed on Jan. 3, 1893, upon the abdica- 

 tion of Queen Liliuokalani (see colored map in 

 "Annual Cyclopaedia" for 1892, page 334). The 

 Constitution adopted for the republic vests the 

 legislative power in a Senate of 15 members, elected 

 for six years by indirect suffrage, and a House of 

 Representatives elected by indirect vote for two 

 years. Every male Hawaiian twenty years of age 

 who can speak, read, and write either English or 

 Hawaiian has the right to vote. The President is 

 elected by the two houses in joint session for the 

 term of six years, and is not re-eligible for the next 

 succeeding term. Sanford B. Dole was electeoVPresi- 

 dent for the term ending Dec. 31, 1900. The Cabi- 

 net in the beginning of 1898 was composed as fol- 

 lows: Minister of Foreign Affairs and of Education, 

 H. E. Cooper ; Minister of the Interior, J. A. King ; 

 Minister of Finance, S. M. Damon ; Attorney-Gen- 

 eral, W. 0. Smith. 



Area and Population. The total area of the 

 islands is 7.629 square miles. The inhabited islands 

 Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai, Lanai, Kahulaui, 

 Molokai, and Miihau have an aggregate area of 

 6,640 square miles, with a population on Sept. 27, 

 1896, of 109,020, which was composed of 72,517 

 males and 36,503 females. The city of Honolulu, 

 tin- capital, has 29,920 inhabitants. 



Commerce. The foreign commerce of Hawaii is 

 larger per capita than that of any other country. 

 The total value of the imports in 1897 was $9,000,- 

 000, and of the exports $16,500,000. This showed 

 an increase of 20 per cent, in imports over the 

 previous year. In exports there was also an in- 

 crease, owing to increased production of sugar, of 

 which 'J:{2,:{:54 tons were exported, all of it to the 

 I 'nit cil States. The share of the United States in 

 the import trade was 77 per cent., while that of 

 Great Britain and British possessions was 12 per 

 cent., Germany coming next, and then China and 

 Japan. The exports, of which sugar forms 96 per 

 cent., go almost entirely to the United States, whose 

 share was 99.62 per cent, of the whole. In the im- 

 port trade American cotton goods, tools, glassware, 

 furniture, etc., are displacing the English. The 

 sugar fodtntry is prosperous, and cultivation is 

 being extended by sinking wells and distributing 

 water 1 iy means of powerful pumps. New and im- 

 proved methods of production and treatment are 

 employed on most of the plantations. 44 out of the 

 66 being fully equipped with factories. Coffee- 

 growing is increasing, but is still confined to small 

 plantations. An effort has been made to extend the 

 industry with Government assistance. There were 

 837.158 pounds of coffee exported in 1897. The 

 cultivation of rice is wholly in the hands of the 

 Chinese. About a quarter of all that is raised is 

 exported to San Francisco. Bananas are also ex- 

 ported, and there is some trade in wool. 



Annexation to the United States. A treaty 

 providing for the annexation of the islands to the 

 United States was signed on June 16, 1897, by 

 plenipotentiaries of the United States and of the 

 republic of Hawaii. A joint resolution to accept 

 the offered cession and incorporate the ceded terri- 

 tory into the Union having been passed by the 

 United States Congress and approved by the Presi- 

 dent on July 7, 1898, President McKinley directed 

 Bear-Admiral Miller to proceed on the " Philadel- 

 phia " to Hawaii to arrange with President Dole 

 for the transfer of the sovereignty of the islands to- 

 the United States. This was accomplished on Aug. 

 12, when President Dole, on the presentation of a 

 certified copy of the joint resolution, formally de- 

 livered over to the United States representative the 

 sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian 

 Islands. In accordance with the terms of the reso- 

 lution President McKinley directed that the civil,, 

 judicial, and military powers of the Hawaiian Gov- 

 ernment officers should continue to be exercised by 

 them, subject to his power of removal, until Con- 

 gress should provide a government for the incorpo- 

 rated territory. President Dole and the troops of 

 the Hawaiian Republic took the oath of allegiance 

 to the United States, and thus the administrative 

 and municipal functions of the annexed territory 

 have continued in operation thus far with no in- 

 terruption. 



President McKinley, in pursuance of the terms of 

 the joint resolution, appointed on July 9 the follow- 

 ing commissioners to confer and recommend to 

 Congress such legislation concerning the Hawaiian 

 Islands as they should deem necessary or proper: 

 Senator Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois; Senator 

 John T. Morgan, of Alabama; Representative Uol>- 

 ert T. Hitt, of Illinois; and President Sanford B. 

 Dole and Chief-Justice Walter F. Frear, of Hawaii. 

 The existing customs relations of the Hawaiian 

 Islands to the United States and with other coun- 

 tries under the provisions of the joint resolution 

 were to remain unchanged until legislation should 

 otherwise provide. The United States consulate 

 was maintained for appropriate services connected 

 with trade and the revenue, and the Hawaiian con- 

 suls in the United States and in foreign count rie.- 

 continued to fulfill their commercial agencies. 



Before Congress took action on the treaty tho 

 United States Government came to an understand 

 ing with Jafmn regardin-g the rights of the Japanese) 

 in Hawaii, assuring to them equal rights with their 

 fellow-countrymen in the United States in the event/ 

 of annexation. The claims of Japan against tho 

 Hawaiian Government for the illegal exclusion of 

 Japanese immigrants were adjusted by the pav- 

 ment of an indemnity of $200,000. The Senate 

 Committee on Foreign Relations having in its repor; 

 accompanying the joint resolution charged Great 

 Britain with having agents conveniently at hand 

 to fasten her power on the islands when a pretext 

 should arise for protecting British lives and prop- 



