328 



INDIA. 



The same court declared that alien-born women 

 become naturalized when they marry citizens of the 

 State. 



The court decided that the city council has no 

 power to levy a tax on vehicles run upon the street 

 of the city for private use or pleasure, and could not 

 compel them to pav an annual license. 



The court upheld the cigarette ordinance of the 

 city of Chicago, which fixes a license upon the sale 

 of cigarettes. 



A writ of mandamus was ordered to issue against 

 the Board of Education of school district No. 5, in 

 Aurora, prohibiting a change of school books oftener 

 than once in four years. 



Public Documents. The Secretary of State re- 

 ported finding six large rooms full of miscellaneous 

 reports piled up without system, 50,000 of which 

 have now been classified, listed, and sent out to li- 

 braries and persons interested in such collections. 



INDIA, an empire in southern Asia, subject to 

 Great Britain and governed under general acts of 

 the British Parliament by a Governor General in 

 consultation with and under instructions from the 

 Secretary of State for India in the British Cabinet. 

 The Governor General is advised by a Council, the 

 members of which are nominated by the Crown. 

 They are re-enforced by additional. members of his 

 own appointment, part of them on the recommen- 

 dation of the Provincial Councils, to form the Legis- 

 lative Council, which frames regulations to be sub- 

 mitted to him and drafts laws which he forwards 

 to the Secretary of State to be laid before Parlia- 

 ment. The Secretary of State for India in the Cab- 

 inet of Lord Salisbury is Lord George Hamilton. 

 The Governor General, or Viceroy, in the beginning 

 of 1898 was the Earl of Elgin. The ordinary mem- 

 bers of the Governor General's Council were Sir 

 James Westland. Sir J. Woodburn, M. D. Chalmers, 

 Major.-Gen. Sir E. II. H. Collen, and A. C. Trevor, 

 with Gen. Sir W. S. A. Lockhart, commander in 

 chief of the forces, as extraordinary member. 



Area and Population. The territory under 

 direct British administration in 1891 had an area of 

 965,005 square miles and 221,172,952 inhabitants, 

 having increased since 1881 from 875,186 square 

 miles and a population of 198,860,606. The area 

 of the feudatory or native states was 1.016,322 square 

 miles and their population 70,208,000, making the 

 total area of India 1,981,327 square miles and the 

 total population 291,380,952. There was an increase 

 in the population enumerated in 1881 of 19,294,509 

 for British territory and 27,721,339 for the whole of 

 India. Of the population in British territory 112,- 

 542,739 were males and 108,630,213 females, and in 

 the native states 34,184,557 were males and 31.865,- 

 922 females. The foreign population in 1891 num- 

 bered 661,637, of whom 478,656 were born in con- 

 tiguous countries, 60,519 in remote countries of 

 Asia, and 11,816 in Africa, while 100,551 were Brit- 

 ish and 10.095 were other Europeans, Americans, 

 and Australians. There were 207,731,727 Hindus, 

 57.321,164 Mohammedans, 9,280,467 nature wor- 

 shipers, 7,131.361 Buddhists, 2.284,380 Christians 

 1,907,833 Sikhs. 1.416.(i:;s .| (l ins. 89,904 Parsees. 17,- 

 194 Jews, and 42,763 of other religions in India in 

 1891. Of the Christians 1.315,263 were Roman Cath- 

 olics, t>!>.").016 Anglicans, 40,407 Presbyterians. 296,- 

 988 Dissenters, 63,967 other Protestants, and 201, 684 

 Syrians, Armenians, and Greek Catholics. There 

 were 11.554,035 males and 543,495 females who were 

 able to read and write, besides 2,997,558 males and 

 197,662 females under instruction, while 118.819.408 

 males and 127,726,768 females were found .to be to- 

 tally illiterate and no returns were made as to 13,- 

 856,295 males and 12,028.210 females. The expend- 

 iture on public instruction in India has increa-nl 

 from Rx 39,400 in 1858 to Rx 3.526,529 in 1896. Of 



this latter sum Rx 1,049,895 came from fees, Rx 

 940,615 from provincial revenues, Rx 778,296 from 

 subscriptions and endowments, Rx 587,950 from 

 local rates and cesses, and Rx 149.773 from munici- 

 pal funds. In 1896 there were 3,906,006 males and 

 397,103 females under instruction in 152,841 pri- 

 mary and secondary schools, and in the universities 

 of Calcutta, Madras, the Punjab, Bombay, and Alla- 

 habad there were 6,774 matriculated students. 



Finances. The treasury receipts for the year 

 ending March 31, 1897, according to the revised es- 

 timates, were Rx 93,803,800. and the expenditures 

 were Rx 97,019,200, including Rx 1,228,500 of ex- 

 penditure from provincial balances, deducting which 

 the expenditure charged against revenue was Rx 

 95,790,700. The land revenue yielded Rx 23,699,- 

 200; railroads, Rx 20,159,900; salt, Rx 8,438,200; 

 opium, Rx 6,386,700; excise. Rx 5,613,200: stamps, 

 Rx 4,771,500; customs, Rx. 4,516,700: provincial 

 rates, Rx 3,538,000; irrigation, Rx 3,200.700; the 

 post office, telegraphs, and mint, Rx 2,992,000; civil 

 departments, Rx 1,887,000; forests, Rx 1,768,500; 

 assessed taxes, Rx 1,855,500; interest, Rx 1,087,300; 

 miscellaneous receipts, Rx 1,076,900; military de- 

 partments, Rx 964,800 ; tribute, Rx 902,500 ; build- 

 ings and roads, Rx 697,700; and registration Rx 

 447.500. The army took Rx 24,295,600 of the ex- 

 penditures ; railroads, Rx 22,970,100 ; civil salaries, 

 etc., Rx 15,383,300 ; cost of collection, Rx 9,028,800; 

 buildings and roads, Rx 6,013,200 ; miscellaneous 

 civil charges, Rx 5,862,900; interest, Rx 3,456,100; 

 irrigation, Rx 3,251,600; the post office, telegraphs, 

 and mint, Rx 2,728,400; famine relief and insur- 

 ance, Rx 2,012,900; refunds and compensation, Rx 

 1,878,800 ; defense works, Rx 123,500 ; and railroad 

 construction, Rx 14,000. 



For the year ending March 31, 1898, the revenue 

 was estimated at Rx 95,676,800, and the expenditure 

 at Rx 99,330,800, less Rx 1,190,000 of provincial bal- 

 ances, which leaves the net expenditure charged 

 against revenue Rx 98,140,800. The deficits for 

 the two years are chargeable to the famine. The 

 sums expended directly for famine relief were Rx 

 5,606,900, in addition to which losses in land revenue, 

 salt dutv, railroad earnings, etc., were allowed for, 

 amounting to Rx 4,264.000 for 1897 and Rx 1,337,- 

 800 for 1898. The capital expenditure on railroads 

 and irrigation works, not charged against revenue, 

 was Rx 4,537,400 for 1897 and Rx 6.588,600 for 1898. 

 The land revenue, which averages about 20 percent, 

 of the rent in the permanently settled tracts of Ben- 

 gal, Madras, and the Northwest Provinces, and 50 

 per cent, of the rent in the rest of India, has in- 

 creased nearly Rx 900,000 in ten years, and the 

 salt duty Rx 1,764,000. while the opium revenue was 

 Rx 2,533,000 less in 1897 than in 1887. The ac- 

 counts for 1897 closed Rx 280,000 better than the 

 estimate. The revised estimates for 1897-'98, tak- 

 ing exchange at 15f d., show a deficit of Rx 5,280,000 

 after meeting Rx 5,390,000 of famine charges and 

 Rx 3,820,000 of war expenditure. 



The actual revenue in 1896-'97was Rx 94,129.741, 

 and the expenditure Rx 96,834,763. For 1897-'98 

 the revised estimate of revenue was Rx 96,561,500. 

 and of expenditure Rx 101,844,600. The budget 

 estimate of revenue for 1898-'99 was Rx 99.085,400, 

 and of expenditure Rx 98.194.000. The net ex- 

 penditure in England was 15,468,739 in 1896-'97, 

 16,099.000 in the estimates for 1897-'98. and 16,- 

 286.500 in the budget for 1898-'99. The loss by ex- 

 change has fallen from Rx 15,045,000 in 1895, when 

 the rupee was 13.101rf.. to Rx 13,990.949 in 1896, 

 with the rupee at 13.638^., Rx 12,116.399 in 1897, 

 with the rupee at 14.458d., Rx 10.546,000 in 1898, 

 with the rupee at 15.375d., and Rx 10,401,500 in 

 1899, taking the rate to be the same. 



The budget estimates for 1898-'99, after providing 



