334: 



INDIA. 



INDIANA. 



reverse, followed by the retreat of the British col- 

 umns without their reaching the Kajurai plain, 

 made necessary a spring campaign. The Afridis 

 had lost about 4,000 killed, and wherever the Brit- 

 ish troops marched their villages, their crops and 

 household goods, and even their fruit trees were 

 totally destroyed, and yet their spirit was not 

 broken. Sir William Locklmrt returned to take 

 charge of operations. An army of 50,000 men 

 was massed on the frontier. Four of the eight 

 Afridi tribes, afraid of a fresh invasion of their 

 country, paid their fines and tale of rifles before 

 the spring. The casualties during the previous 

 operations were 44 British and 6 native officers 

 and 186 British and 320 native soldiers killed, 93 

 British and 36 native officers and 404 British and 

 845 native soldiers wounded, and 10 British officers 

 and 250 soldiers and 220 natives of all ranks dead 

 of disease. The casualties among the Afridis were 

 greatly increased by the use of the dum-dum bullet, 

 which' flattens on striking, shattering bones. This 

 was adopted when it was found that the ordinary 

 small-caliber bullet failed to stop the fierce onsets 

 of the tribesmen. The question was raised whether 

 its use was consonant with international law, and 

 the Government affirmed that it was, though it 

 would be improper in dealing with civilized foes. 



The Khaibar pass was reoccupied on March 27, 

 and on April 1 most of the Zakka Khels paid their 

 fine. The Akka Khels and other recalcitrant tribes 

 surrendered the required number of rifles or gave 

 hostages a few days later, completing the submis- 

 sion of the hillmen. Dissatisfied Zakka Khels sent 

 a deputation to the Ameer of Afghanistan, which 

 was turned back at Jelalabad. They had not yet 

 complied with the Government demands in Septem- 

 ber, and were waiting to see whether their money 

 allowances for guarding the Khaibar pass were to 

 be renewed. The Khaibar rifles were finally again 

 placed in charge of the pass, the British garrison 

 being restricted to Landi Kotal. The Mullah Saiyid 

 Akbar, who fomented the original rising, lost all his 

 influence, and the chiefs who led the rebellion were 

 fugitives in Afghan territory. After the war many 

 Afridis enlisted in Indian regiments. The Khaibar, 

 Bazar, Bara, and Tirah districts brought under 

 British control by the war have an area of about 

 1,000 square miles. The tribes inhabiting these 

 valleys were made to surrender 764 breechloading 

 rifles and pav 50,000 rupees in cash. The whole 

 frontier involved in the struggle has a length of 

 about 1,000 miles, with a widtn of from 50 to 100 

 miles. There was no attempt at a general disarma- 

 ment or an occupation of the hill country. The 

 tribes had acquired a knowledge and dread of the 

 power of the English, who had invaded their moun- 

 tain fastnesses where no foeman had trod before. 

 But the English, on the other hand, had learned 

 what a costly enterprise they had undertaken in 

 attempting to subjugate these marksmen who fired 

 down on them from cliffs, not with Afghan muzzle- 

 loaders, as formerly, but with modern long-range 

 rifles. The political officers on the frontier had 

 warned the Government of the difficulties of the 

 undertaking, and the most experienced Indian mili- 

 tary men considered it to be worse than useless to 

 establish posts and lock up garrisons in this country 

 as a precaution against a Russian invasion, for no 

 army could cross these mountains, and, besides, the 

 200.000 fighting men of the tribes would defend 

 their independence against any invader. The Gov- 

 ernment, however, was committed to the forward 

 policy too far to relinquish the country entirely. 

 Hence it was decided that the defense of the Khai- 

 bar pass, the commercial route to Cabul, would be 

 assumed by the imperial forces. George Nathaniel 

 Curzon, who was created Lord Curzon of Kedleston, 



was appointed Governor General on Aug. 10. Mr. 

 Curzon was known as an adherent of the forward 

 school, and therefore his appointment to the vice- 

 royalty was received with misgivings in India. The 

 Afridi militia were still employed in guarding the 

 pass under the new arrangement, and they received 

 money allowances as before, but they were organized 

 and commanded by British officers. The banished 

 headmen were allowed to return, and the material 

 position of the tribes was the same as before, or was 

 unproved in the case of some of those that had re- 

 ceived no subsidies under the old arrangement. 



INDIANA, a Western State admitted to the 

 Union Dec. 11, 1816; area, 36,350 square miles. 

 The population, according to each decennial census 

 since admission, was 147,178 in 1820, 343,031 in 

 1830, 685,866 in 1840, 988,416 in 1850, 1,350,428 in 

 1860, 1,680,637 in 1870, 1,978,301 in 1880, and 2,192,- 

 404 in 1890. Capital, Indianapolis. 



Government. The following were the State offi- 

 cers during the year : Governor, James A. Mount ; 

 Lieutenant Governor, W. S. Haggard ; Secretary 

 of State, William D. Owen ; Treasurer, P. J. Scholz'; 

 Auditor, Americus C. Daily ; Attorney-General, 

 W. A. Ketcham; Superintendent of Instruction, 

 David M. Geeting; Statistician, John B. Conner; 

 Geologist, W. S. Blatchley ; Adjutant General, Gen. 

 Gore ; Labor Commissioners, B. F. Schmid, L. P. 

 McCormick ; Fish Commissioner, Z. T. Sweeney ; 

 Tax Commissioners, I. N. Walker, T. B. Buskirk : 

 Factory Inspector, D. H. McAbee all Republicans ; 

 Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Timothy E. 

 Howard ; Associate Justices, Leonard J. Hackney, 

 James McCabe, L. J. Monks, and James H. Jordan 

 the two last named are Republicans, the other* 

 three Democrats; Clerk, Alexander Hess, Repub- 

 lican; Justices of the Appellate Court, W. D. Robin- 

 son, W. J. Henley, James B. Black, D. W. Comstock, 

 and U. Z. Wiley all Republicans. 



Finances. The report of the Auditor, completed 

 in November, shows that the public debt has been 

 reduced $1,200,000, making an annual saving of 

 $38,300 in interest. The Auditor recommends that 

 the present tax levy of less than 30 cents on $100 be 

 retained, and that legislation be enacted giving 

 greater powers to assessors in the discovery of per- 

 sonal property. During twenty years land values 

 have increased $65,503,740. while improvements have 

 increased in value $10,026,218. Lot values have in- 

 creased in the aggregate $57,109,228, while the in- 

 crease in the value of improvements on them lias 

 been $81,184,175. There was a decrease in personal 

 property values from 1891 to 1897 of $11,663,421. 

 In 1877 corporate property such as railroads and 

 telegraph companies was assessed at $37,760,460, 

 while in 1897 it was assessed at $161,238.163, or a 

 percentage of 11.56 of the whole taxable property 

 of the State. The total taxable property in 1897 

 was $1,295,965,056, an increase of $421,043,994 in 

 twenty years. The estimate of State expenses for 

 1898 is $1,952,350, and for 1900 $1,852,000. 



The report of the Printing Board for the two 

 years ending Oct. 31 shows that the bills for Stato 

 printing, stationery, and advertising for the firs: 

 year amounted to $53,081.77, while for the second 

 year they aggregated $42,301.32, The legislative 

 printing for the 1897 session cost $12,778.08, making 

 a total for the year of $108,161.17. The printing 

 stationery, and advertising for the State institutions 

 cost $15,189.73 for the first year and $12,907.24 for 

 the second year, making a total of $28,096.97 for 

 institutional printing. The grand total on all ac- 

 counts was $136,258.14. 



Education. During the year there was an aver- 

 age daily attendance in the public schools of 434,- 

 836, a gain of 32,089 over 1897. Of this gain 21,447 

 pupils were brought into school under the provisions 



