

NETHERLANDS. 



NEVADA. 



477 



lated to them the number of marriages in 1895 was 

 493; of births, 1,886 ; of deaths, 1,410. The native 

 converts to Christianity on Jan. 1, 1895, numbered 

 18,331 in Java and Madura, and 284,294 in the out- 

 posts. In the public elementary schools for Euro- 

 peans and persons assimilated to them there were 

 14,010, and in private schools 2,898 pupils in 1895 ; 

 in the Government schools for natives there were 

 36.763, and in private and missionary schools 20,753 

 pupils. 



The Governor-General of Dutch India, who is as- 

 sisted by a Council of 5 members, is Jonkheer C. II. 

 A. van der Wyck, appointed July 15, 1893. The 

 budget for 1898" makes the total revenue 135.204,203 

 guilders, of which 21,659,863 guilders were from 

 sales of Government coffee in the Netherlands and 

 8,257.600 guilders from sales in India, 122,760 guil- 

 ders from sales of cinchona and 6,777,446 guil- 

 ders from sales of tin in the Netherlands, 216,000 

 guilders from the profits of the Billiton Company, 

 885,000 guilders from railroads in the Netherlands 

 and 10,150,000 guilders from railroads in Java, 

 8,678,000 guilders from sales of salt, 17,248,000 

 guilders from sales of opium, 15,507,500 guilders 

 from import, export, and excise duties, 19,589,700 

 guilders from land revenues, 34,214,700 guilders 

 from all other sources in India, and 897,634 guilders 

 from various sources in the Netherlands ; total re- 

 ceipts, in the Netherlands 21,558,703, and in India 

 113,645,500 guilders. About a third of the expend- 

 iture is for the army and another third for the 

 general expenses of the administration in India and 

 in the Netherlands. The expenditure in India for 

 1898 was estimated at 117,590,449, and expenditure 

 in the Netherlands at 28,559,715 guilders, making 

 the total 146,150,164 guilders, which is 10,945.961 

 guilders more than the estimated receipts. The 

 deficits have averaged about this sum for four or 

 five years past. On June 16, 1898, the Dutch Cham- 

 bers authorized an East Indian loan of 55,000,000 

 guilders. For 1899 the expenditure is estimated at 

 146,000,000 guilders, exceeding the estimate of re- 

 ceipts by 13,334,000 guilders. 



The Government is the owner of the land in Java 

 and Madura, except the private estates, situated 

 mostly in the western part of the island. Under 

 the culture system the natives were compelled to 

 work for the Government on the coffee, sugar, tea, 

 indigo, pepper, and tobacco plantations, but now 

 forced labor is exacted only for the production of 

 coffee. Private landowners, as well as the Govern- 

 ment, have the right to the gratuitous services of 

 all laborers living on their land for one day or more 

 out of every seven. The greater part of this forced 

 labor is commuted on the Government domains 

 since 1882 by the payment of a poll tax of 1 guilder 

 per annum. Under the agrarian law of 1870 a con- 

 siderable extent of wild land is added every year to 

 the cultivated area under seventy-five year leases. 

 In 1895 there were 772,376 acres thus leased to 

 European companies and individuals, 30,080 acres 

 to Chinamen, and 3,305 acres to natives. No land 

 has been sold outright since 1816. The private es- 

 tates of Europeans cover 2,069,733 acres, while 

 639,999 acres belong to Chinamen and 34,856 to 

 other Asiatics. There were 6.490,737 acres under 

 free cultivation by natives in 1895. The principal 

 cultures, besides rice and coffee, are corn, arachis, 

 sugar, tobacco, indigo, and cotton. Sugar has not 

 been cultivated by the Government since 1891, but 

 is grown on lands leased from the natives or the 

 Government. The yield in 1896 was 501,122 tons. 

 The produce of coffee in 1895 was 114,223,277 pounds, 

 of which 48,333,858 pounds were grown by the Gov- 

 ernment, 13,564,994 pounds by natives, 48,559,186 

 funds on leased lands, and 3.765,239 pounds on pri- 

 te lands. The crop of 1896 was 42,094 tons, and 



that of 1897 was estimated at 55,140 tons. The pro- 

 duction of cinchona in 1895 was317,387 kilos on Gov- 

 ernment lands, 60,020 kilos on private lands, and 3,- 

 573,260 kilos on leased lands. There are 74 tea plan- 

 tations, producing 4,349.000 kilos in 1895. The yield 

 of indigo was 621,666 kilos. Of tobacco, 18,075,917 

 kilos were raised in Sumatra and 9,807,178 kilos in 

 Java. -The output of tin from the Government 

 mines of Banca and the private mines of Riau and 

 Billiton was 16,600 tons in 1896. 



Although the operations of 1897 against the Achee- 

 nese rebels of Sumatra were on the whole successful, 

 the powerful chief Tokoe Oemar, who was the lead- 

 er of the war party, could not be caught, and in the 

 spring of 1898 he was still at the head of a large 

 force of well-armed and finely-disciplined men 

 whose efficiency as guerrillas had been brought up 

 to the highest standard by long years of warfare. 

 These men had established their quarters among a 

 friendly population in the mountainous and thickly 

 wooded country of Pedir, which lies northeast of 

 Acheen. Although many people in the colony were 

 opposed to sending an expedition into the dense 

 bush of this wild and trackless country, far from 

 its base of supplies, the energetic governor-general 

 determined to fit one out on an extensive scale. It 

 entered the Pedir valley at the end of May, and cap- 

 tured Garoet, from which Tokoe Oemar withdrew 

 after some resistance, disappearing according to his 

 wont. On June 30 the Acheenese suddenly attacked 

 the civil post at Edi, but were repelled and pur- 

 sued, losing 110 killed. In a later action the Dutch 

 drove them from their position at Edi Goet, killing 

 80, and then marched upon Perlak and into the 

 district of Glieng, whence also the insurgents re- 

 tired after losing 33 in battle. In all these engage- 

 ments few were killed, but many wounded, on the 

 Dutch side. 



Surinam, or Dutch Guiana, is administered by a 

 governor, W. Tonckens in 1898, assisted by a Privy 

 Council and by the Colonial States, consisting of 13 

 members, 9 of them elective. The revenue in 1897 

 was 2,245,498 guilders, of which 2,020,739 guilders 

 were raised by import, export, and excise duties, 

 and personal, house, estate, and indirect taxes. 

 There is a militia of 27 officers and 358 men, a 

 civic guard of 68 officers and 1,463 men, and a 

 European garrison of 20 officers and 380 men. 

 The produce of sugar in 1896 was 10,390,747 kilos ; 

 of cacao. 3,088,894 kilos; of coffee, 99,413 kilos; of 

 rum, 880,369 litres; of molasses, 1,259,024 litres; of 

 bananas, 559,492 bunches. The production of gold 

 in 1896 was 846,366 grammes. The total product 

 for the twenty years from the beginning of mining 

 was valued at 19.495,771 guilders. The total value 

 of imports in 1896 was 5,335,180 guilders; of ex- 

 ports, 4,391,728 guilders. There were entered dur- 

 ing that year 202 vessels, of 93,636 tons, and cleared 

 198 vessels, of 90,880 tons. 



NEVADA, a far Western State, admitted to the 

 Union Oct. 31, 1864; area, 110,700 square miles. 

 The population, according to each decennial census 

 since, admission, was 42,491 in 1870 ; 62,266 in 1880 ; 

 and 45,761 in 1890. Capital, Carson City. 



Government. The following were the State offi- 

 cers during the year : Governor, Reinhold Sadler ; 

 Lieutenant Governor, C. H. E. Hardin ; Secretary 

 of State, Eugene Howell; Treasurer, W. J. Wester- 

 field ; Comptroller, C. A. La Grave ; Superintendent 

 of Public Instruction, H. C. Cutting; Attorney-Gene- 

 ral, James R. Judge, all of the Silver party ; Adju- 

 tant General, C. PI. Galusha, Republican, who died 

 July 21 ; Charles H. Peters was acting as Adjutant 

 General ; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. C. II. 

 Belknap ; Associate Justices, M. S. Bonnifield, W. 

 A. Massey ; Clerk, Eugene Howell, all of the Silver 

 party. 



