OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (TCHOUHADJAN VILLIERS.) 



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iead of a volunteer army, and was appointed gen- 

 ral-in-chief of the Servian forces, which he organ- 

 id in four corps. When war was declared on 

 uly 8, 1876, he advanced across the Turkish fron- 

 tier. He received a check at Novi Bazar, and at 

 Ak Palanka he was finally defeated and driven 

 back over the border which he had crossed three 

 weeks before. The campaign was continued in 

 Servian territory with equally disastrous results. 

 In the midst of his defeats Tchernaieff, on Sept. 15, 

 proclaimed Milan Obrenovich King of Servia, but 

 on Oct. 30 the Turks broke through his last line of 

 defense by the capture of Deligrad, and were able 

 to march on Belgrade. When an armistice was 

 concluded Gen. Tchernaieff resigned his command. 

 The Panslavist committees attributed the reverses 

 to his incapacity, and in the Russo-Turkish war of 

 877 he had no command, but notwithstanding 

 ;heir charges he continued to labor for the cause, 

 endeavoring to foment an agitation among the 

 Austrian slavs, for which he was expelled from 

 Prague. He then took up his residence in Paris, 

 and was implicated in anti-German demonstrations 

 there. In 1879 he went to Roumelia to stir up a 

 Bulgarian insurrection, but was arrested at Adrian- 

 ople and sent back to Russia. He was then restored 

 to favor, and in 1882 was nominated Governor Gen- 

 eral of Turkestan and commander of the military 

 district of Tashkend. He instituted an aggressive 

 policy in Asia, almost resulting in a war with Bok- 

 hara and causing tension in the relations between 

 ussia and England. Hence he was recalled in 

 884, and was appointed a member of the Council 

 War, but lost his seat two years later through 

 is opposition to Gen. Annenkoff and the Trans- 

 pian Railroad. Although disliked and neglected 

 iy Alexander III, he remained, next to Skobeleff, 

 he popular hero of the Panslavists. 



Tchouhadjan, Dicran, an Armenian composer, 

 died in Smyrna in April, 1898. Oriental music 

 owes to him a great development and a large num- 

 ber of melodies that became popular even in Eu- 

 rope, where they were freely adapted without rec- 

 ognition of their author. He composed several 

 operas, two of which, " Horhor " and " Zehmire," 

 have been very successful in Eastern cities. 



Tennyson, 'Frederick, an English poet, born in 

 Louth, Lincolnshire, June 5, 1807 ; died in London, 

 Feb. 26, 1898. He was the second son of the Rev. 

 George Clayton Tennyson, rector of Somersby, 

 Lincolnshire, and was educated at Eton and Trinity 

 College, Cambridge, being graduated in 1832. In 

 1839 he married in Florence Maria Giuliotti, daugh- 

 ter of the chief magistrate of Siena, and he contin- 

 ued to make Florence his home until 1859, when he 

 removed to St. Ewold's, in the island of Jersey. In 

 1896 he left St. Ewold's in order to live with his 

 only son, Capt. Julius Tennyson, in whose house he 

 "led. His earliest writing consisted of four pieces 

 ontributed to the " Poems by Two Brothers," 

 hich his younger brothers, Charles and Alfred, 

 mblished "in 1826. His first volume of verse, 

 Days and Hours," was published in 1854 and at- 

 acted but little attention by reason, to some ex- 

 ent no doubt, of the overshadowing reputation of 

 is brother Alfred. The circumstance seems to 

 i\*e kept him from attempting further till 1890, 

 hen he put forth " The Isles of Greece," an epic 

 m. "Daphne" appeared in 1891, and "Poems 

 f the Day and Year," in which a portion of his 

 rlier book, " Days and Hours," was included, was 

 ued in 1895. He possessed lyric gifts of no mean 

 rder, as well as admirable technique, while all his 

 ork breathes an atmosphere of purity and refined 

 'eeling. But his poems have failed to touch the 

 >opular taste, and appeal to the few rather than to 

 he many, although it is probable that but for be- 



ing cast in the shade by his brother's fame he would 

 have won a more general acceptance among culti- 

 vated readers, and would thus nave been stimulated 

 to greater effort and fuller achievement. 



Topelins, Zachris, a Finnish poet and novelist, 

 born in Kuddnas, near Nykarleby, Finland, Jan. 14, 

 1818 ; died in Helsingfors, March 12, 1898. He was 

 educated at the University of Helsingfors, where 

 he obtained the master's degree in 1840. From 

 1841 to 1860 he edited the " Helsingfors Tidningar," 

 in which many of his novels and poems made their 

 first appearance. In 1854 he was appointed Pro- 

 fessor Extraordinary of Finnish History at the Uni- 

 versity of Helsingfors, in 1863 Professor of the His- 

 tory of Finland and the Northern Regions, and in 

 1876 Professor of General History, which latter chair 

 he held until 1878. His most important collections 

 of verse are " Ljungblommor '' (" Flowers of the 

 Heath") (1845-'53): "Sanger" (1860); and "Nya 

 Blad " (" New Leaves ") (1870). As a poet he is at 

 his best in his patriotic and religious lyrics. The 

 best known of his dramatic works are " Titians 

 forsta karlek" ("Titian's First Love"); " Ef ter 

 femtio ar " (" After Fifty Years ") (1851) ; " Regina 

 von Emmertz " (1854) ; and " Princessan of Cy- 

 pern " (1861). His " Faltskarus Berattelser " (" A 

 Surgeon's Stories ") (1853-'67) is a series of roman- 

 tic sketches of the history of Finland and Sweden 

 from the time of Gustavus Adolphus to that of 

 Gustavus III, which has been very popular, and his 

 " Lasning for Barn " (" Stories for Children ") 

 (1864-'84) has been many times translated. 



Upington, Sir Thomas, a South-African states- 

 man, born in the County Cork, Ireland, in 1844 ; died 

 in Cape Town, Dec. 10, 1898. He was the son of a 

 Roman Catholic country gentleman, and was ad- 

 mitted to the Irish bar in 1867, becoming soon af- 

 terward secretary to Lord 0'IIagan, Lord Chan- 

 cellor of Ireland. After he relinquished this office 

 in 1874 he settled in Cape Colony, where he was 

 elected a member of the Legislature in 1878, and 

 was at once made Attorney General in Sir Bartle 

 Fere's Administration. In 1881 he resigned that 

 office and was elected leader of the Opposition in 

 the Cape Parliament. When the Government was 

 changed in 1884 he became Prime Minister. He 

 held this office two years, and then resigned it to be- 

 come Attorney General again, keeping that post till 

 1890. After taking a judgeship in 1892, he once 

 more became Attorney General in 1896. He was 

 knighted in 1887 while in England as a delegate to 

 the Colonial Conference. 



Vautier, Benjamin, a Swiss painter, born in 

 Merges, Vaud, April 24, 1829 ; died in Dusseldorf, 

 Germany, April 25, 1898. He studied art in Ge- 

 neva, Dusseldorf, and Paris, apd settled in Dussel- 

 dorf, becoming one of the ablest representatives of 

 the methods developed there and a master of the 

 story-telling style. His compositions were mostly 

 drawn from peasant life in Switzerland, Alsace, and 

 the Black Forest, portrayed with fidelity and humor 

 and with finished execution, lacking somewhat in 

 color. In the universal exposition of 1867 he ob- 

 tained a medal, and in that of 1878 a first medal 

 and the cross of the Legion of Honor. He illus- 

 trated Immermann's " Oberhoff," Auerbach's " Bar- 

 fiissle,'' and Gothe's " Hermann und Dorothea." 



Villiers, Charles Pelhain, an English states- 

 man, born on Jan. 3, 1802 : died in London, Jan. 

 16, 1898. He was a brother of the Earl of Claren- 

 don. After studying at Haileybury College for the 

 Indian civil service, he concluded that he lacked 

 the physical vigor for a life in India, and entered St. 

 John's" College, Cambridge, where he took his bach- 

 elor's degree in 1824. He then inscribed himself 

 a student of Lincoln's Inn, and, having had for his 

 masters and friends the most advanced social econo- 



