094 



SETTLEMENTS, SOCIAL. 



and 102,000 dinars of exports were wool and woolen 

 manufactures ; 1,534,000 dinars of imports and 247,- 

 000 dinars of exports were cereals ; 3,769,000 dinars 

 of imports and 220,000 dinars of exports were metals 

 and metallic goods ; 1,926,000 dinars of imports and 

 322,000 dinars of exports were china, clay, and glass 

 products ; 901,000 dinars of imports were paper ; 

 1,446,000 dinars of imports and 42,000 dinars of 

 exports were drugs, dyes, and chemicals ; 1.249,- 

 000 dinars of imports a'nd 15,000 dinars of exports 

 were machines and instruments ; 10,495,000 dinars 

 of imports and 1,117,000 dinars of exports were 

 cotton and linen goods; 808,000 dinars of imports 

 were silks; 1,105,000 dinnrs of imports were hard- 

 ware ; 3,036,000 dinars of imports and 23,000 dinars 

 of exports were garments and millinery ; and 3,000 

 dinars of -imports and 75,000 dinars of exports were 

 fertilizers. Of the total imports 25,501,000 dinars 

 were received from Austria-Hungary, and of the 

 exports 49,146,000 dinars went to that destination. 



Communications. There were 377 miles of rail- 

 road in operation in 1898. The telegraphs in 1897 

 had a length of 2,521 miles, with 5,034 miles of wire. 

 The number of dispatches in 1897 was 137,870, of 

 which 115,300 were internal, 12,250 international, 

 and 10,320 in transit. 



Political Affairs. Ex-King Milan, after re- 

 maining abroad for many years an involuntary 

 exile, returned in 1897 on his son's invitation, and 

 as the King's adviser sought to counteract the aims 

 of the Radical party and the influence of Queen 

 Nathalie, from whom he had obtained a divorce, 

 but who, by its annulment, was restored to her 

 station. In January, 1898, Milan was appointed 

 commander-in-chief of the Servian army. In May 

 the Radical leader Pasich was tried for lese-majeste, 

 but was acquitted. The unsettled state of Mace- 

 donia, where Bulgarian and Servian intrigues were 

 on foot, caused the Servian Government to com- 

 plain to the Porte of vexatious acts committed by 

 Albanians upon Servians in the vilayet of Kossovo. 

 The general elections, which took place at the be- 

 ginning of June, resulted in a decisive victory for 

 the Government. The Liberals obtained 112 seats; 

 the Progressists, 62 ; neutrals, 19 ; the Radicals, 

 only 1 seat. On Dec. 9 Minister Popovich retired, 

 and Vukasin Petrovich took the portfolio of Fi- 

 nance. The new minister, though he regarded the 

 financial position as difficult, proposed to deal with 

 it by reorganizing the administration instead of im- 

 posing new taxes. 



SETTLEMENTS, SOCIAL. Although Arnold 

 Toynbee (born in 1852, died in 1883) merely sug- 

 gested by his manner of life the work that has taken 

 definite form in the settlements which are amelio- 

 rating the conditions of the poor, they virtually owe 

 their existence to him. As applied to philanthropic 

 work, the word is comparatively new. Toynbee was 

 a young Englishman, a graduate of Oxford, and a 

 profound student of political economy. When he 

 came to apply the results of his study to life as he 

 saw it in London, he was impressed with the idea 

 that the laws of political economy must be associated 

 with ethical principles. Neither civic nor national 

 progress could be made among a people who were 

 without hope or ambition other than to secure merely 

 food and shelter by labor or craft. Partly to study 

 social conditions from within, partly to improve 

 them, Toynbee went to live among the lowest of 

 the London poor. Learning, as all must whose at- 

 tention is directed that way, the amount of remedi- 

 able misery among the ignorant poor, he strove by 

 both precept and example to alleviate it. He found- 

 ed nothing, formulated nothing, but simply gave 

 his life to the people who most needed it, and died 

 among them at the age of thirty-one. His work 

 was not unobserved, and there were many converts 



to his belief that to help the people did not consist 

 in the giving of alms to the East End by the afflu- 

 ence of the West End ; but that brotherly love and 

 intimate association were the only things that could 

 soften the hard resistance of vice and ignorance. 

 This is the basic idea of the settlement, that thos.; 

 who have gifts of money or education shall use them 

 for the benefit of the less fortunate ; not in charity, 

 not as alms, but that all classes may more thoroughly 

 understand one another, and that they may feel t In- 

 spirit of universal brotherhood. Thus is bitter- 

 ness and a sense of injustice and rebellion taken 

 from the hearts of the oppressed, and the nation 

 thereby bettered ; for brotherhood and politics may 

 be closely allied. 



Toynbee Hall was built in the Whitechapel dis- 

 trict of London in 1885, shortly after the death of 

 the man for whom it was named, and thus was 

 settlement work begun. Because Toynbee and tin- 

 early workers were university men, studying socio- 

 logical problems even while they practiced altruism, 

 the first buildings used for their work were called 

 university settlements ; but now there are many hav- 

 ing no college connection, and their names are vari- 

 ous. The University Settlement, begun two years 

 later than Toynbee Hall, is the first one founded in 

 America. Its beginning was small ; an emulation of 

 Old World methods of philanthropy in that part of 

 New York where the residents are mostly Europeans. 

 After four years of improper housing, the society 

 got possession of an old dwelling house on Delancey 

 Street, which was adapted to their uses; but the 

 needs far outgrew the capacity of the house, and 

 funds were accumulated which would warrant 

 building a large structure at Eldridge and Riving- 

 ton Streets. College graduates were the workers in 

 the new philanthropy, and these ^7ere for the 1110*1 

 part men who wished both to study sociological 

 problems and to relieve those who suffered under 

 them. Now the work is so extensive that visiting 

 workers and assistants are employed who are not 

 of necessity college men, and a woman's auxiliary 

 has been formed which is open to any efficient 

 women workers. 



In pursuance of Toynbee's plan, a residence is 

 made among the people whom it is designed to 

 help. The chief workers make their homes in the 

 settlement house, or even live in tenements in the 

 neighborhood. The manner of their living shows 

 by example how it is possible to live in quarters 

 identical with those of the poorest, and yet to keep 

 the surroundings clean and attractive. As the con- 

 ditions of the East Side home are not always sus- 

 ceptible of much improvement, because of the over- 

 crowding, the energies are directed toward making 

 the settlement house the real home of the neighbor- 

 hood. Home life, as it is understood in the phrase. 

 " The home makes the nation," is unknown where 

 floor space is too limited for the occupants to sleep 

 on beds. Where home means unremitting noi-e. 

 absence of privacy, and the outbreaks of temper 

 which these induce, its occupants seek other places 

 for rest and pleasure. The neighborhood is filled 

 with saloons and dance halls for their enticement. 

 and in these places every form of evil is cultivated. 

 It is the object of the settlement to supply to those 

 of the crowded neighborhood all the pleasures they 

 need, and at the same time to give them mental 

 stimulus and inspire them with brotherly love. 



To this end the settlement house is usually di- 

 vided thus: The first and fourth floors are given 

 up to public rooms, and the other floors are t In- 

 home of the resident workers. One of the public 

 rooms is fitted with the appliances of a gymnasium, 

 but is also arranged for use as an audience hall for 

 lectures, concerts, debates, etc. It is also used for 

 dances, it having been found that the dance hall 



