704 



SPAIN. 



tinue in force till the Legislature should prescribe 

 means for carrying the amendment into effect. 



The third amendment was to make Section 1 of 

 Article iii of the Constitution read as follows : 



" The legislative power of the State shall be 

 vested in a Legislature which shall consist of a 

 Senate and House of Representatives, except that 

 the people expressly reserve to themselves the right 

 to propose measures, which measures the Legislature 

 shall enact and submit to a vote of the electors of 

 the State ; and also the right to require that any 

 laws which the Legislature may have enacted shall 

 be submitted to a vote of the electors of the State 

 before going into effect (except such laws as may be 

 necessary for the immediate preservation of the 

 public peace, health, or safety, or support of the 

 State government and its existing public institu- 

 tions. Provided, that not more than 5 per centum 

 of the qualified electors of the State shall be re- 

 quired to invoke either the initiative or the referen- 

 dum. This section shall not be construed so as to 

 deprive the Legislature or any member thereof of 

 the right to propose any measure. The veto power 

 of the executive shall not be exercised as to meas- 

 ures referred to a vote of the people. The enact- 

 ing clause of all laws approved by vote of the 

 electors of the State shall be, ' Be it enacted by the 

 people of South Dakota.' The Legislature shall 

 make suitable provisions for carrying into effect 

 the provisions of this section.'" 



This amendment was carried by a majority of 

 7,333. It is the first attempt to establish the initi- 

 ative and referendum as a part of the law-making 

 process of a State. 



SPAIN, a constitutional monarchy in south- 

 western Europe. The legislative power is vested 

 in the Cortes, consisting of a Senate of 360 mem- 

 bers and a Congress of 432 members. Of the Sena- 

 tors half are life and official members, including 

 the royal princes, grandees of Spain, having an in- 

 come of 60,000 pesetas, or francs, and the superior 

 functionaries of state, and half are elected for 

 five years by corporate bodies and the highest tax- 

 payers. The members of the Congress, or Chamber 

 of Deputies, are elected for five years by electoral 

 colleges in the proportion of 1 deputy to 50,000 of 

 population. All male Spaniards, twenty-five years 

 of age or over, possess the electoral franchise. 



The reigning King is Alfonso XIII, born May 17, 

 1886, who at his birth succeeded his father, Alfonso 

 XII. During his minority his mother, Maria Chris- 

 tina, daughter of Karl ' Ferdinand, Archduke of 

 Austi'ia, acts as Regent. 



The Cabinet of ministers, formed on Oct. 4, 1897, 

 was composed as follows : President of the Council, 

 Praxedes M. Sagasta ; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 Pio Gullon ; Minister of Justice, C. Groizard ; Min- 

 ister of the Colonies, S. Moret y Prendergast ; Min- 

 ister of the Interior, F. R. Capdepon; Minister of 

 War, Gen. M. Correa; Minister of Alarine, Rearr 

 Admiral Bermejo ; Minister of Finance, Lopez 

 Puigcerver ; Minister of Public Works, Commerce, 

 and Industry, Count Xiquefia. 



Area and Population. Spain has an area of 

 197,670 square miles. The population at the census 

 of 1887 was 17,565,632, including 9,694 at the con- 

 vict stations of Ceuta, Pefion de Velez, and Melilla, 

 on the African coast. 



Finances. The ordinary revenue in 1896 was 

 766,231,751 pesetas, and the expenditure 788,200,758 

 pesetas. In the budget for 1899 the revenue is es- 

 timated at 865,816,890 pesetas, of which 297,360.810 

 pesetas come from direct taxes, 305,273,000 pesetas 

 from customs and indirect taxes, 132,696,024 pese- 

 tas from stamps and regie, 24,787,056 pesetas from 

 national property, and 105,700,000 pesetas from 

 loans. The ordinary expenditures are estimated at 



868,479,417 pesetas, of which 9,250,000 pesetas are 

 for the civil list, 1,638,085 pesetas for the Cortes, 

 399,236,677 pesetas for the public debt, 1,614,651 

 pesetas for judicial expenses. 61,749,730 pesetas for 

 indemnities and pensions, 980.833 pesetas for the 

 presidency of the Council of Ministers, 54,748,649 

 pesetas for the Ministry of Pardons and Justice, 

 145,929,521 pesetas for the Ministry of War, 25,190.- 

 539 pesetas for the Ministry of Marine, 28,381,198 

 pesetas for the Ministry of the Interior, 80,728.570 

 pesetas for the Ministry of Public Works and of 

 Public Instruction, 18,659,467 pesetas for the Min- 

 istry of Finance, 34,560,528 pesetas for the collec- 

 tion of revenue, and 875,000 pesetas for the colony 

 of Fernando Po. 



The extraordinary revenue for six years is esti- 

 mated at 236,344,883 pesetas, of which 44.920,966 

 pesetas are required for repayments, 58,000,000 pe- 

 setas for the army, 71,175,678 pesetas for the navy, 

 and 62,248,239 pesetas for railroads. In the revised 

 budget the revenue was estimated at 86fi,014.86U 

 pesetas from ordinary sources, and the expenditure 

 at 865,508,774 pesetas. 



The consolidated debt in 1897 amounted to , 

 183,967,000 sterling, extinguishable debt to 66,- 

 225,000, Treasury loans to 14,574,000, and the float- 

 ing debt to 18,280,000 ; total, 283,046,000. Dur- 

 ing the nine financial years ending with 1897. 

 Treasury bills amounting to 464.812,000 pesetas were 

 issued. For the expenses of suppressing the Cuban 

 insurrection money was raised by means of Cuban 

 bonds, customs bonds, and delegations to the amount 

 of 1,900,000,000 pesetas, or 76,000,000. 



The Army. The continental army is divided 

 into 8 corps d'armee, containing 15 divisions of 1 

 infantry and 2 divisions and 4 brigades of cavalry. 

 There are besides 2 divisions of infantry kept in 

 the islands, 1 in the Balearic Isles and 1 in the 

 Canaries, and 1 at Ceuta and 1 brigade at Melilla. 

 The corps d'armee are composed of 56 regiments of 

 infantry of 2 battalions, each battalion numbering 

 23 officers and 326 men in time of peace, and in 

 time of war 27 officers and 1,000 men ; 5 brigades 

 of rifles, containing 20 battalions of 23 officers and 

 716 men, which number in war is increased to 27 

 officers and 1,001 men; 28 regiments of cavalry nf 

 2 squadrons, the squadron numbering 5 officers and 

 100 men in peace or 150 in war; 17 regiments of 

 field artillery, each of 4 mounted batteries of <i 

 pieces, the battery numbering 4 officers and from 71 

 to 98 men ; 13 battalions of 3 companies of fort i >< 

 artillery; 1 regiment of siege artillery ; 4 regiments 

 of sappers ; 1 regiment of pontonniers; 1 battalion 

 of railroad troops: 1 battalion of telegraphists: 1 

 brigade for topographical service; 1 section of 

 laborers ; 7 depots of artillery ; 7 depots of engi- 

 neers ; 16 companies of administrative troops : and 

 16 companies of sanitary troops. Outside of tilt- 

 formations there are 1 regiment of field artillery 

 and 4 batteries, containing 13 companies, of for- 

 tress artillery. 



The effectives of the continental army according 

 to the decree of July 9, 1898, were 63,991 infantry, 

 14,386 cavalry, 12,063 artillery, 5.539 engineers. 

 1,500 administrative troops, 901 sank. HIT troops. 

 1,296 royal guards, etc., 14,697 gendarmes, and 

 14,186 customs guards; total, 128,559. The war 

 strength was estimated at 132.000 infantry, 17.1- r ><> 

 cavalry, 12,166 artillery, 11,027 engineers'. 11.140 

 administrative troops, and 483 sanitary troops: 

 total, 183.972 men, with 14,250 horses and mules 

 and 590 guns. 



The Nary. The ironclad fleet in 1898, after the 

 conclusion of the American war (see UNITED STATICS), 

 consisted of 1 turret ship, the " Pelayo," of !).!<><( 

 tons; 3 armored cruisers, the " Cardenal Cisneros, 

 " Carlos V," and " Princesa de Asturias " : 2 old 



