718 



TENNESSEE. 



to increase this distance to 200 metres. This is a 

 remarkable result, and extremely interesting to 

 physicists, but of course its limitation to such small 

 distances precludes its practical use in space teleg- 

 raphy. Efforts to concentrate and direct the 

 electric radiation by reflectors have also been made 

 by Marconi and others ; and Marconi states that he 

 has signaled two miles with reflectors. Of course, 

 the long vertical wire can not be used in this case. 

 The necessity of " tuning," or mutually adjusting 

 transmitter and receiver has also been considered 

 by some as a disadvantage of space telegraphy, but 

 so long as no means of directing the waves to a 

 specific point have been discovered, it is rather an 

 advantage, since it guarantees a certain amount of 

 secrecy. A message will now reach all receivers 

 within a sphere of a certain radius from the trans- 

 mitter, but they will respond to it only in case 

 they have been accurately tuned with the latter. 



Regarding the relative merits of the two chief 

 methods of space telegraphy detailed in this article 

 which may be called the low-frequency and high- 

 frequency systems, or the dynamic and static sys- 

 tems, or the induction and Hertzian-wave systems, 

 or perhaps the Preece and Marconi systems Dr. 

 Lodge has been quoted above in an adverse opinion 

 on the former method ; but Appleyard, in the review 

 of the subject already noticed, believes that is the 

 most likely to survive in practical use. He says : 

 " Whether the later more elaborate methods of syn- 

 tony for ' coherer ' systems, proposed by Dr. Lodge, 

 have justified themselves in practice is not yet 

 known, but it is a significant fact that Dr. Lodge's 

 most recent paper on the subject of space teleg- 

 raphy makes a distinct departure from the 'co- 

 herer ' system, and contains no account of experi- 

 ments in the direction of syntonized receivers used 

 in this particular way." 



Mr. Preece reports that the Marconi system is 

 able to traverse a distance of twenty-five miles, but 

 he also says that there would be no difficulty in 

 communicating by the alternate-current inductor 

 system over a similar distance. The speed 'of signal- 

 ing by the Marconi system is said by Appleyard to 

 be limited to about twelve words a minute, and he 

 concludes that this handicaps the method. In the 

 Channel tests fifteen words a minute are reported 

 to have been sent. Appleyard believes also that 

 " coherer " systems " are at present too susceptible 

 to mechanical and fortuitous electrical tremors for 

 the ordeal of a telegraph office. Keeping in mind," 

 he says, finally, " that we are here concerned with a 

 practical question for engineers, rather than with 

 the scientific aspect of space telegraphy, it would 

 seem that the ' coherer ' systems as a whole are about 

 to be cast aside, and that preference is to be given 

 to alternate-current inductor systems for coast tele- 

 graphs. If this is indeed to be the case, the prob- 

 lem is greatly simplified, and experiment resolves 

 itself into the single task of finding the best design 

 of apparatus for communicating between a moored 

 lightship and the shore by means of inductor coils." 

 See, besides the various papers quoted, a review of 

 the literature of the subject by Prof. S. P. Thomp- 

 son in the " Journal of the Society of Arts," Lon- 

 don, April 1, 1898 ; " Telegraphing without Line 

 Wires, by William Bissing in "The Electrical 

 World," Jan. 14, 1899, et seq. ; " Wireless Teleg- 

 raphy," a paper read by G. Marconi before the 

 Institution of Electrical Engineers, March 2, 1899; 

 and " Wireless Telegraphy popularly Explained," 

 by Richard Kerr (New York, 1898). 



TENNESSEE, a Southern State, admitted to the 

 Union June 1, 1796 ; area, 42,050 square miles. The 

 population, according to each decennial census since 

 admission, was 105,602 in 1800; 261,727 in 1810; 

 422,771 in 1820; 681,904 in 1830; 829,210 in 1840; 



1,002,717 in 1850; 1,109,801 in I860; 1,258,520 in 

 1870; 1,542,369 in 1880; and 1,707,518 in 1890. 

 Capital, Nashville. 



Government. The following were the State 

 officers during the year : Governor, Robert L. Tay- 

 lor ; Secretary of State, William S. Morgan ; Treas- 

 urer, Edward B. Craig ; Comptroller, James A. 

 Harris ; Attorney-General, G. W. Pickle ; Superin- 

 tendent of Instruction, Price Thomas ; Adjutant 

 General, Charles Sykes ; Commissioner of Agricul- 

 ture. John T. Essary ; Railroad Commissioners, E. 

 L. Bullock, F. M. 'Thompson, and X. II. White; 

 Labor Commissioner, A. H. Wood ; Geologist, J. M. 

 Safford ; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, David 

 L. Snodgrass ; Associate Justices, W. C. Caldwell, 

 John S. Wilkes, W. K. McAllister, and W. D. Beard ; 

 Justices of the Court of Chancery Appeals, M. M. 

 Neil, S. F. Wilson, and R. M. Barton ; Clerk, A. 

 W. McMillan. All the above are Democrats. 



Finances. The biennial report of the Treasurer 

 gives the following statement : " Balance in treasury 

 Dec. 20, 1896, $271,251.54 ; received from Dec. 20, 

 1896, to close of business Dec. 19, 1898 (both inclu- 

 sive), $4,416,802.49 ; total, $4,688,054.03 ; paid out 

 on Comptroller's warrants from Dec. 19, 1896, to 

 Dec. 20, 1898, $4,602,982.62 ; balance at close of 

 business Dec. 19, 1898, $85,071.41. 



" Included in the totals of receipts and disburse- 

 ments shown above are amounts credited and 

 charged to loan account. These amounts are 

 neither a part of the State's revenue from usual 

 sources, nor of its disbursements for current ex- 

 penses, as they consist alone of money borrowed on 

 notes of the Funding Board and the payment of 

 same. We have received from this source $1.250,- 

 000 and have paid out $625,000, leaving a balance 

 of $625,000. 



" This balance of $625,000 represents the amount 

 of the notes of the Funding Board outstanding at 

 this date. During the year 1897 we were still 

 working under the revenue law of 1895, with a two- 

 mill rate ; besides this a large amount of antici- 

 pated collections went into the treasury during De- 

 cember, 1896, which would ordinarily not have been 

 received until January, 1897. 



" During 1898 we have been under the restored 

 tax rate. Receipts for the year 1898, less borrowed 

 money, $1,918,053.79 ; disbursements for same pe- 

 riod, less borrowed money and the amount paid 

 out on new Penitentiary, $1,910,660.99. A three-mill 

 rate barely paid the expenses of the State in a year 

 when there was no regular session of the Legisla- 

 ture. By the Jarvis law (affecting the cost of crim- 

 inal trials) we shall save not less than $50,000 a year. 

 The greater saving under this law is to the counties. 



"Tennessee owes a bonded debt of $16,455,200, 

 upon which we pay annually $542,426 of interest. 

 The greater part of this debt consists of the 3-per- 

 cent, settlement bonds of 1883, due in 1913, but now 

 subject to call. 



" On Jan. 1, 1899, we shall owe a floating debt of 

 $850,000." 



Education. In 1896 the State had 7,882 schools 

 and 9,135 teachers. The school fund, on which 6 

 per cent, interest is paid, is $2,512,000. In addition 

 a tax is levied of 15 cents on the $100 worth of 

 property, and counties and cities are empowered to 

 impose a similar school tax. The poll taxes also 

 are turned into the school fund. The expenditure 

 for schools is about $2,000,000 a year. 



Crime and Convicts. The 'receipts from thr 

 Penitentiary and the disbursements to it for the past 

 biennial term were : Receipts in 1897, $130,097.92 ; 

 disbursements in 1897, $173,824.63: loss in 1897, 

 $43,726.71 ; receipts in 1898, $229.517.42; disburse- 

 ments in 1898, $219,073.90; profit in 1898, $10,- 

 444.52. 



