TURKEY. 



000 piasters; yarns, 125,200,000 piasters; coffee, 

 102,700,000 piasters: drugs and dyes, 99,100,000 

 piasters ; rice, 78,800,000 piasters ; leather and 

 hides, 76,400,000 piasters ; madapolams, 69,500,000 

 piasters ; petroleum, 56,300,000 piasters ; animals, 

 54,600,000 piasters ; iron goods, 42,800,000 piasters ; 

 iron, 42,700,000 piasters ; cashmeres, 41,800,000 pias- 

 ters ; timber, 37,500,000 piasters ; butter and cheese, 

 34,000,000 piasters ; haberdashery, 31,900,000 pias- 

 ters; broadcloth, 31,500,000 piasters: paper, 28,800,- 

 000 piasters; silks, 27,700,000 piasters; coal, 27,- 

 000,000 piasters; carpets, 26,200,000 piasters; 

 clothing, 24,500,000 piasters; glass, 22,700,000 pias- 

 ters; linens, 22,200,000 piasters; fezes and hats, 

 21,000,000 piasters. The exportation of raw silk 

 was 182,500,000 piasters; raisins, 177,500,000 pias- 

 ters; grain, 113,600,000 piasters; figs, 67,800,000 

 piasters ; mohair, 64,800,000 piasters ; olive oil, 62,- 

 700,000 piasters; opium, 61,500,000 piasters; gall 

 nuts, 57,800,000 piasters; cotton, 48,000,000 pias- 

 ters ; minerals, 47,100,000 piasters ; wool, 46,900,000 

 piasters ; hides, skins, and leather, 40.800,000 pias- 

 ters; sesame, 31,900,000 piasters ; coffee, 29,800,000 

 piasters ; legumes. 24,500,000 piasters ; carpets, 21,- 

 800,000 piasters ; dates, 19,400,000 piasters ; nuts, 

 17,700,000 piasters; animals, 17,300,000 piasters; 

 seeds, 16,000,000 piasters; oranges and lemons, 13,- 

 600,000 piasters. 



The values in piasters of the imports from and 

 exports to various foreign countries in 1895 are 

 given in the following table : 



The Macedonian Question. The appointment 

 of Bulgarian bishops in Divra, Monastir, and Strum- 

 nitza encouraged the Bulgarians to put forth great- 

 er efforts in their national propaganda in Macedonia 

 and awakened the jealousy of the Greeks, Servians, 

 and Roumanians. The Greek and Servian com- 

 munities regarded the appointment of Bulgarian 

 bishops for Divra and Monastir as an encroachment 

 on their own sphere, while at Uskub the Bulgarians 

 protested against the presence of the Servian bish- 

 op, and refused to open their schools and churches. 

 During the winter the Ottoman authorities con- 

 ducted a search in the vilayet of Kossovo for arms 

 furnished by Bulgarian revolutionists. Numerous 

 Mohammedans had been murdered, but the author- 

 ities did not act until a prominent and wealthy 

 man named Kiazin Bey was assassinated at Vinitza. 

 Hundreds of Macedonians fled into Eastern Rou- 

 melia. carrying stories of outrages committed by 

 the Turkish soldiers and of tortures inflicted on 

 prisoners in the jails of Uskub and other towns. 

 In response to remonstrances from the Russian and 

 Austrian consuls, the Vali promised to stop such 

 persecutions. The Bulgarian diplomatic agent 

 presented a memorandum to the Grand Vizier, 

 stating that 592 persons, among whom were school- 

 teachers and priests, had been arrested. The Bul- 



garian complaints instance the torturing of 52 per- 

 sons, gf whom 3 died, and the violation of 11 

 women and girls. The secret Macedonian revolu- 

 tionary committee printed a manifesto calling upon 

 the people to rise against their oppressors in the 

 spring. The Bulgarians were angered by the fill- 

 ing of public offices with Albanians. In Monastir 

 an Albanian national movement was started to 

 compete with the Greek, Bulgarian, Servian, and 

 Wallachian organizations. In Kossovo also the 

 Albanians were charged with oppressing the Ser- 

 vians. The Government of Prince Ferdinand took 

 effective measures to check revolutionary prepara- 

 tions in Eastern Roumelia, although the presence 

 of 600 Macedonian fugitives rendered this a diffi- 

 cult task. The Turkish commissioner, Saadeddin 

 Pasha, removed the immediate cause of excitement 

 by releasing the Bulgarian prisoners at Uskub, ex- 

 cept 10, who were held for criminal trial, and prom- 

 ising to punish officials who had committed abuses. 

 His investigation, which the Bulgarians pronounced 

 a sham, disclosed no evidence of the alleged tor- 

 tures. Immediately after the prisoners were re- 

 leased the agitation of the revolutionists was 

 renewed and fresh arrests were made by the au- 

 thorities. In March an armed band crossed the 

 Bulgarian frontier, but returned on finding the vil- 

 lages strongly guarded by Turkish outposts. The 

 vindictive spirit animating the rival Bulgarian and 

 Servian propaganda was shown by a number of 

 assassinations of which Bulgarians were the vic- 

 tims. The Servians were as energetic .in establish- 

 ing new schools and in attracting pupils as were 

 the Bulgarians, and the Roumanians held their 

 own, but the Greek schools declined. The Vlachs, 

 until the Roumanian propaganda was instituted, 

 were accounted Greeks, and hence all those who 

 were educated in the Vlach schools were lost to the 

 Greek schools, which nevertheless still outnumbered 

 those of the other nationalities combined. The 

 total sum spent upon their schools in Macedonia by 

 Bulgaria, Servia, Roumania, and Greece is not less 

 than 5,000,000 francs a year, with a corresponding 

 benefit to the Christian peasantry, who are advan- 

 cing rapidly in intelligence, while their Mohamme- 

 dan neighbors remain in a state of ignorance. The 

 Autonomist agitators aimed to secure an organic 

 statute for Macedonia, with a Christian governor 

 selected from the population. The autonomous 

 province would include the vilayets of Salonica, 

 Monastir, Adrianople, and Kossovo, and the capital 

 would be the city of Salonica. The Bulgarians, 

 who assert that they are in a large majority com- 

 pared with the other nationalities, seek the co-oper- 

 ation of all nationalities in the effort to obtain au- 

 tonomy. They would have the officials in each 

 district selected from the prevailing nationality, 

 the military force of the province recruited from 

 the population and placed under the command of 

 the Governor General, and religious affairs admin- 

 istered by an ecclesiastical chief belonging to the 

 predominant nationality. The provincial Senate 

 should fix the amount of taxation, of which amount 

 one fifth would be paid over to the Turkish Treas- 

 ury and four fifths would be retained for provincial 

 purposes. 



Albanian Disturbances. The ferment in Mace- 

 donia caused by the Cretan question spread into 

 Albania, rousing among that nation of warring 

 clans and hostile creeds aspirations for autonomous 

 institutions, and also exciting anew the expansion- 

 ist ambition of the Montenegrins. The Albanian 

 Nationalists wished to have their separate national- 

 ity recognized by the Europeans in the same way 

 as was the Greek, the Servian, or the Bulgarian 

 nationality, and desired from the Porte the procla- 

 mation of administrative autonomy for the vilayets 



