AUSTRALASIA. 



61 



493 on Stewart, Chatham, and Kermadec islands. 

 Including 39,854 Maoris and 3,711 Chinese, the 

 total population on April 12, 1896, was 743,214. 

 Of the Maoris, 21,073 were males and 18,181 fe- 

 males. The total includes the half-castes living 

 in the tribes, numbering 3,503, and 229 Maori 

 wives of European husbands. 



The population of Fiji consisted of 07,410 males 

 and 54,388 females. The Europeans numbered 

 3,401, of whom 2,110 w r ere males and 1,285 fe- 

 males; East Indians, 12,025, of whom 8,143 were 

 males and 3,882 females; Fijians, 99,773, of whom 

 53.208 were males and 40,5(55 females; Kotumans, 

 Polynesians, half-castes, and others, 0,599, of 

 whom 3,943 were males and 2,050 females. 



The movement of population in the several 

 colonies for 1897 was as follows: 



* Net emigration, t Fijians only. 



Excess of deaths. 



Finances. The revenue and .expenditure of 

 the several colonies for 1897 and the state of 

 their debts at the end of the fiscal year ending 

 June 30, 1898, in New South Wales, Victoria, 

 Queensland, and South Australia; on March 31, 

 1897, in Western Australia and Tasmania; on 

 March 31, 1898, in New Zealand; and on Dec. 31, 

 1897, in Fiji, are shown in the following table: 



The revenue of New South Wales is the gross 

 revenue. Of this, 2,570,489 are obtained by 

 taxation, the estimated yield of customs being 

 1,250,097; excise, 291,343; stamps, 348,558; 

 land tax, 371,870; income tax, 180,103; li- 

 censes, 122,518; the land revenue is 2,023,- 

 071; receipts from services, 4,033,196; from 

 miscellaneous sources, 255,379. Of the gross 

 expenditures, 1,855,387 were for the railway 

 and tramway services, 702,361 for posts and 

 telegraphs, 2,271,833 for interest on the public 

 debt, 722,308 for education, and 3,839,123 for 

 other public works and services. The average 

 rate of interest on the public debt is 3.71 per 

 cent. The net return from railroads, tramways, 

 telegraphs, waterworks, and sewerage, on which 

 81 per cent, of the debt has been expended, is 

 3.08 per cent, a year. The total revenue for 1899 

 was 9,754,185, railroad receipts having increased 

 200,000 and customs 73,000. Expenditure for 

 1899 was more than covered by income. 



The revenue of Victoria derived from taxation 

 was 2,045,187, of which 1,759,380 was re- 

 ceived from customs, 294,740 from excise, 

 115,524 from the land tax, 80.900 from duties 

 on estates of deceased persons, 19,128 from a 

 duty on bank notes, 153,500 from stamps, 17,- 

 099 from business licenses, 19,003 from ton- 

 nage dues, etc., and 179,301 from the income 



tax. The receipts from railways were 2,597,- 

 255; from posts and telegraphs, 522,741; from 

 Crown lands, 413,551; from other sources, 

 451,483. Of the total expenditures, 1,892,092 

 were for interest and expenses of the debt, 

 1,470,090 for working expenses of railroads, 

 251,552 for expenses of other public works, 

 580,507 for posts and telegraphs, 135,928 for 

 Crown lands, 5(58,357 for public instruction, 

 203,723 for charitable institutions, 150,137 

 for judicial and legal expenses, 299,235 for po- 

 lice and jails, 93,211 for customhouses and 

 harbors, 53,310 for mines, 181,049 for de- 

 fense, and 010,529 for other expenses. The 

 revenue for 1899 was estimated at 0,907,439; ex- 

 penditure, 0,873,529. The actual receipts were 

 /, 378,842. Of the total Victorian debt, 36,- 

 700,944 were borrowed for railway construction, 

 7,321,850 for waterworks, 1,105,557 for pub- 

 lic-school buildings, and 1,800,970 for other 

 public works. The average rate of interest on 

 the debt is 3.88 per cent. 



Of the revenue of Queensland 1,207,849 came 

 from customs, 123,390 from excise and export 

 duties, 110,207 from stamps, 50,598 from li- 

 censes, 01,590 from the duty on dividends, 

 340,249 from rent of pastoral lands, 214,427 

 from other rents and sales, 1,158,057 from rail- 

 ways, and 258,940 from posts and telegraphs. 

 The principal expenditures were 1,324,333 for 

 interest on the public debt, 084,500 for operat- 

 ing railways, 313,010 for posts and telegraphs, 

 247,473 for public instruction, 107,385 for the 

 Colonial Treasurer's department, 84,014 for the 

 Department of Public Lands, 37,280 for the 

 Department of Agriculture, and 03,010 for en- 

 dowments to municipalities and divisions. The 

 expenditure out of loans amounted for the year 

 to 937,000, of which 020,974 were spent on 

 railways, 36,101 on telegraphs, 11,717 on 

 rivers and harbors, 3,875 on defense, 7,598 on 

 water supply, 12,274 on buildings, 70,016 for 

 loans to sugar planters, and 110,877 for loans 

 to public bodies. The revenue for 1899 was esti- 

 mated at 3,882,300; expenditures, 3,806,507. 

 The actual receipts amounted to 4,174,000, and 

 expenditures to 4,024,000. 



South Australia obtains its revenue mainly 

 from customs duties, inland revenue, posts and 

 telegraphs, railroads, and public lands. The cus- 

 toms revenue for 1899 is estimated at 584,386 

 out of a total revenue of 2,649,899, the esti- 

 mate of expenditures being 2,019,220. The 

 actual receipts from all sources were 2,005,500. 



The yield of customs duties in Western Aus- 

 tralia in 1897 was 1,076,330. The rest of the 

 revenue is derived mainly from railways, the 

 postal service, and rent from public lands. The 

 annual charge of the debt is 303,153. The rev- 

 enue collected during the year 1898 was 2,605,- 

 000, having grown from 400,000 in 1890, the 

 year when responsible government was intro- 

 duced, population having increased from 40,000 

 to 168,000. 



Of the Tasmanian revenue 351,848 was de- 

 rived from customs. The part derived from land 

 sales is expended for redemption of loans. The 

 revenue for 1898 was estimated at 913,275, and 

 the expenditure at 803,527. Of the total debt, 

 48.24 per cent, was raised for railroad construc- 

 tion, 1.59 per cent, for telegraphs, 28.82 per cent, 

 for roads, bridges, and jetties, 9.08 per cent, for 

 public buildings, 1.58 per cent, for defenses, 1.34 

 per cent, for loans to public bodies, and 2.57 per 

 cent, for various public works and services. 



Of the revenue of New Zealand 1,935,252 

 were obtained from customs, 780,232 from the 



