BOLIVIA. 



BRAZIL. 



8T 



and Worship, Dr. Manuel M. Gomez; Minister of 

 Finance, L. Gutierrez; Minister of the Interior 

 and Justice, Macario Pinilla; Minister ol Public 

 Instruction, Colonization, Telegraphs, Public 

 Works, and Industry, T. Valdivieto; Minister 

 of War, J. E. Herrero. 



Area and Population. The area of Bolivia 

 is 567,430 square miles. The population is esti- 

 mated at 2,019,549, exclusive of about 250,000 

 uncivilized Indians. About one fourth the peo- 

 ple are of European descent, one fourth mixed, 

 and one half Indian. 



Finances. The revenue in 1896 was 3,566,777 

 bolivianos, or dollars, and the expenditure 4,264,- 

 681 bolivianos. In 1897 the revenue was 4,840,- 

 300 bolivianos, of which 2,691,723 bolivianos 

 came from customs, 406,281 bolivianos from alco- 

 hol, 679,582 bolivianos from silver and minerals, 

 149,003 bolivianos from export duty on rubber 

 and from patents, 238,890 bolivianos from postage 

 and revenue stamps, and 149,000 bolivianos from 

 nickel coinage. The revenue for 1898 was esti- 

 mated at 5,194,593 bolivianos, and the expendi- 

 ture at 5,713,897 bolivianos. The chief expendi- 

 tures were 1,817,490 bolivianos for instruction 

 and public works, 1,517,483 bolivianos for finan- 

 cial administration, and 1,519,218 bolivianos for 

 the army. 



The internal debt amounted in 1898 to 3,707,- 

 541 bolivianos. There was an external debt of 

 1,084,555 bolivianos due to Chilian creditors, hav- 

 ing been reduced from the original sum of 6,500,- 

 000 bolivianos. For the payment of this 40 per 

 cent, of the customs duties of the port of Arica 

 was devoted. 



The Army. The standing army is about 2,000 

 strong. The National Guard is made up of all 

 able-bodied Bolivians, who under the conscrip- 

 tion law of 1892 are liable to serve between the 

 ages of twenty-one and fifty in the line, the re- 

 serve, the extraordinary reserve, and the terri- 

 torial guard. The total number in the army and 

 the various reserves is reported to be 82,000 men. 



Commerce and Production. Bolivia pro- 

 duces enough wheat, corn, beans, and potatoes 

 for food, and large numbers of cattle, sheep, and 

 llamas. These last are the common beasts of 

 burden. The wool grown in the country is made 

 into cloth for the common people. Coffee is ex- 

 ported to Chili and the Argentine Republic. 

 Sugar is grown and distilled into rum, and more 

 is imported from Peru. Rubber is exported in 

 increasing quantities. Cinchona and coca are 

 also important articles of export. Bolivia is ex- 

 ceedingly rich in minerals, producing silver, tin, 

 copper, lead, zinc, antimony, gold, and bismuth. 

 The silver mined in 1894 amounted to 14,519,296 

 ounces. About 4,000 tons of concentrated tin ore 

 and 2,000 tons of extracted metal are produced 

 annually. The annual product of copper in the 

 form of barilla is 3,000 tons. The value of the 

 foreign trade is known only by estimates. The 

 total imports were valued in 1897 at 24,467,100 

 bolivianos. The chief articles were provisions, 

 liardware, wines and liquors, cotton, linen, wool- 

 en, and silk tissues, and apparel. The major 

 part of the goods came from Germany, and con- 

 siderable quantities from England. The total 

 exports were valued at 23,121,320 bolivianos. 

 The export of silver was 14,876,000 bolivianos in 

 value; tin and bismuth, 3,821,000 bolivianos; 

 copper, 2,650,000 bolivianos; rubber, 1,351,000 

 bolivianos. In addition to the reported exports, 

 large quantities of goods are smuggled out of 

 the country without paying duties. In addition 

 to the above articles, wool, hides and skins, gold, 

 coffee, cinchona bark, and coca are exported, and 



rubber, the annual value of which is about 900,- 

 000 bolivianos. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. A rail- 

 road runs from the Chilian port of Antofagasta 

 to Uyuni, Huanchaca, and Oruro. About 500 

 miles are in Bolivian territory. Railroads to 

 Peru and the Argentine Republic are projected. 



The telegraph lines have a length of 2,260 miles. 

 The post office in 1897 carried 1,983,522 internal 

 and 516,722 international letters. 



Overthrow of the Government. An upris- 

 ing against the Government of President Alonso 

 met with success in April, 1899. The revolution- 

 ists under Col. Pando won a victory over the 

 Government forces in a pitched battle, and when 

 they entered Oruro the President fled over the 

 border into Chili. A new Government was con- 

 stituted immediately, and in a few days quiet 

 was restored. 



BRAZIL, a federal republic in South America. 

 The legislative power is vested in the National 

 Congress, consisting of a Senate of 63 members, 

 3 from each state and the federal district, and a 

 House of Deputies, containing 212 members. The 

 Senators are elected for nine years, one in each 

 state every three years, by direct suffrage. The 

 Deputies are elected every three years, as many 

 for each state as it has multiples of 70,000 popu- 

 lation. All male Brazilians able to read and write 

 possess the franchise with the exception of sol- 

 diers in active service, members of monastic or- 

 ders, and paupers and criminals. The President 

 of the republic is elected by the direct vote of 

 the nation for the term of four years. 



The President is Dr. Manoel Ferraz de Campos 

 Salles, who was elected for the term beginning 

 Nov. 15, 1898. The Vice-President is Dr. Fran- 

 cisco Rosa e Silva. The Cabinet in the begin- 

 ning of 1899 was composed of the following mem- 

 bers: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Gen. Dionysio 

 E. de Castro Coqueira; Minister of Finance, Dr. 

 Bernardino de Campos; Minister of War, Gen. 

 J. T. de Cantuaria; Minister of Industry, Mar- 

 shal J. Rodriguez de Moraes Jardin; Minister of 

 the Interior and Justice, Dr. Amaro Cavalcanti; 

 Minister of Marine, Rear-Admiral Manoel J. 

 Alves Barbosa. 



Area and Population. Brazil has an area of 

 3,209,878 square miles, with a population of 14,- 

 333,915 at the census of 1890, divided into 7,237,- 

 932 males and 7,095,983 females. The population 

 of Rio de Janeiro was 522,651. The number of 

 immigrants in 1896 was 157,948, of whom 96,324 

 were Italians, 24,154 Portuguese, 11,366 Austro- 

 Hungarians, and 1,070 Germans. 



Finances. The revenue for 1897 was 293,223,- 

 100 milreis, and the expenditure 328,974,000 mil- 

 reis. For 1898 the estimated revenue was 325,- 

 197,123 milreis; expenditure, 372,812,424 milreis. 

 The budget estimate of revenue for 1899 was 

 346,164,000 milreis, of which import duties were 

 expected to produce 222,000,000 milreis ; railroads, 

 45,080,000 milreis; posts and telegraphs, 12,900,- 

 000 milreis; stamps, 10,000,000 milreis; water- 

 works of Rio de Janeiro, 2,000,000 milreis; lot- 

 tery taxes, 1,000,000 milreis ; tobacco duties, 

 2,000,000 milreis; other sources, 46,184,000 mil- 

 reis. The expenditure for 1899 was estimated 

 at 346,000,423 milreis, of which 16,009,897 mil- 

 reis were allowed to the Ministry of the Interior 

 and Justice, 1,832,412 milreis to the Ministry of 

 Foreign Affairs, 26,439,932 milreis to the Ministry 

 of Marine, 46,329,296 milreis to the Ministry of 

 War, 89,464,676 milreis to the Ministry of In- 

 dustry, and 165,924,210 milreis to the Ministry 

 of Finance. The revised estimates made the 

 total revenue 351,114,000 milreis, and expendi- 



