CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA. 



1856. British Kaflraria was incorporated in Cape 

 Colony in 1805, and Temlmland, East Griqua- 

 land, and the Transkei territories in later years; 

 also the harbor of Walfisch Bay, on the south- 

 west coast. Griqualand West, originally a part 

 of the Orange River Free State, was annexed by 

 Great Britain in consequence of the discovery 

 of diamond mines at Kimberley, and it also now 

 forms an integral part of Cape Colony. Basuto- 

 land was annexed to Cape Colony in 1871, but 

 after the Basuto war it was detached and made 

 a direct dependency of the Crown in 1884. In 

 the same year Germany declared a protectorate 

 on the southwest coast of Africa over Damara- 

 land, extending from Cape Frio, the southern- 

 most point of Portuguese West Africa, to Wal- 

 fisch Bay, and over Namaqualand, extending 

 from Walfisch Bay southward to the Orange 

 river, which forms the northern boundary of 

 Cape Colony. British Bechuanaland was an- 

 nexed by Great Britain at the same time after 

 the forcible expulsion of the Boers from the 

 Transvaal, who had proclaimed the independent 

 republic of Stell aland, with its capital at Vry- 

 burg. In 1885 a British protectorate was pro- 

 claimed over independent Bechuanaland, the 

 country still ruled by Chief Khama. In the east 

 British control was established over Zululand 

 after the Zulu Avar of 1879. A portion next to 

 the Natal border was set apart as a reserve for 

 loyal Zulus who had aided the British in the 

 war; the rest was restored to Cetewayo in 1883, 

 but in 1887 about two thirds of this territory, 

 together with the Zulu Reserve, was formally 

 declared British territory and placed under the 

 administration of the Governor of Natal, and in 

 1897 the whole of Zululand and British Amaton- 

 galand were incorporated in Natal. 



The Transvaal Republic was annexed by Great 

 Britain in 1877, and a British administrator was 

 appointed; but in 1880 the Boers took up arms, 

 expelled the British officials, and, after success- 

 fully resisting the British troops that were sent 

 to conquer them, obtained by the treaty of 1881 

 the restoration of self-government in internal af- 

 fairs, while the control of external relations was 

 reserved to the British Government under the 

 name of suzerainty. In 1884 a new convention 

 was signed at London, by which Great Britain 

 recognized the new style of South African Re- 

 public adopted by the Transvaal, and abandoned 

 the assertion of suzerainty, or at least expunged 

 the word from the treaty, though requiring every 

 treaty made by the Government of the South 

 African Republic with foreign powers or with 

 independent native chiefs to the north or east 

 of the Transvaal to be submitted to the Brit- 

 ish Government. A new republic founded by 

 Boer trekkers in Zululand was subsequently in- 

 corporated as the district of Vrijheid in the 

 South African Republic with the assent of Great 

 Britain. By the convention of 1890 a part of 

 Swaziland also was added to the South African 

 Republic. All the territories north of the Trans- 

 vaal, including Matabeleland, ruled by King 

 T.obengula, \vith the neighboring countries of 

 the Mashonas, Makalakas, and other tribes that 

 paid tribute to him, and comprising all the re- 

 gion north of 22 of south latitude, east of 20 

 of east longitude, and west of the Portuguese 

 district of Sofala were declared to be within the 

 British sphere of influence. In 1889 a royal char- 

 ter was granted to the British South Africa 

 Company, which was authorized to organize' an 

 administration for these territories. The. com- 

 pany was empowered to take also under its ad- 

 ministration, subject to the approval of the Im- 

 VOL. xxxix. 8 A 



pcrial Government, the regions north of the 

 Bechuanaland protectorate and the Kalihari re- 

 gion west of it as far as the German boundary. 



Portugal originally claimed by virtue of early 

 conquests and continuous occupation, more or 

 less effective, both banks of the Zambesi river 

 from its mouth up to its source and the country 

 still farther \vest, reaching to the Portuguese 

 possessions on the west coast, a continuous zone 

 extending across the whole of Africa from Mo- 

 zambique to Angola. Yielding under threat of 

 war to superior force, the .Portuguese Govern- 

 ment in 1891 agreed to recognize as a British 

 protectorate the countries south of the Zambesi, 

 including the Manica plateau, and also the Ba- 

 rotse kingdom and all other regions north of the 

 Zambesi up to the border of the Congo State, 

 including the Shire highlands and the Lake 

 Nyassa region, where British missionaries were 

 active. In 1891 the British Government ex- 

 tended the field of operations of the British South 

 Africa Company so as to embrace the territories 

 north of the Zambesi, known as Northern Zam- 

 besia, or British Central Africa, excluding only 

 the .Nyassaland districts, which had been declared 

 in 1889 to be within the British sphere, and were 

 now proclaimed a British protectorate. 



Pondoland was annexed to Cape Colony in 

 1894, and in 1895 the Crown colony of British 

 Bechuanaland was handed over to the colonial 

 administration. 



Cape Colony. The colony of the Cape of 

 Good Hope has possessed responsible government 

 since 1872. The legislative power is vested in a 

 Legislative Council, consisting of 23 members 

 elected for seven years, and a Legislative Assem- 

 bly of 79 members elected for five years. The 

 franchise is possessed by adult males able to 

 register their names, addresses, and occupations, 

 and further qualified by the occupation of house 

 property of the value of 75 or the receipt of a 

 salary of 50 or more per annum. The number 

 of registered electors in 1898 was 109,888. 



The Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and 

 High Commissioner for South Africa is Sir Alfred 

 Milner, who succeeded Lord Rosmead in 1898. 

 The ministry at the beginning of 1899 was com- 

 posed as follows: Prime Minister and Colonial 

 Secretary, W. P. Schreiner; Treasurer, J. X. Mer- 

 riman; Attorney-General, R. Solomon; Commis- 

 sioner of Public Works, J. W. Sauer; Secretary 

 for Agriculture, A. J. Herholdt; without port- 

 folio, Dr. Te Water. 



Area and Population. The area of the col- 

 ony, including Griqualand West, East Griqua- 

 land, Tembuland, the Transkei, Walfisch Bay, 

 Pondoland, and British Bechuanaland, is 276,775 

 square miles, with a population of 1,766,040, of 

 whom 382,198 are whites and 1,383,842 colored. 

 The number of marriages in 1896 was 7,860; of 

 births, 14,733 Europeans and 35,696 colored; 

 deaths, 7,070 Europeans and 25,871 others. The 

 number of arrivals by sea in 1897 w r as 30,203; de- 

 partures, 20,531. 



Finances. The revenue for the year ending 

 June 30, 1897, was 7,389,966 from all sources. 

 Of the total 2,936,426 came from taxation, 

 4,023,772 from services, 306,046 from the 

 colonial estate, and 123,721 from fines, stores 

 issued, etc. The total expenditure was 8,637,- 

 854, of which 1,255,231 went for interest and 

 sinking fund of the public debt, 1,940,570 for 

 railroads, 375,588 for defense, 432,278 for po- 

 lice and jails, 166,066 for the civil establish- 

 ment, and 1 ,785,466 under loan acts. The total 

 expenditure for 1899 is estimated at 6,682,088. 

 The public debt on Jan. 1, 1898, amounted to 



