"200 



EAST AFRICA. 



toria X van/a, deflected so as to include Mount 

 Kilimanjaro in German territory, and continued 

 west of 'the Victoria lake along 1 of south lati- 

 tude to the eastern boundary of the Congo Inde- 

 pendent State, which forms the western limit 

 of German East Africa. British East Africa, ac- 

 cordin" to the agreement made with Italy, is 

 divided from the protectorate that was asserted 

 bv the latter power over Abyssinia and adjacent 

 territories by the Juba river up to 6 of north 

 latitude, by that parallel as far as 35 of west 

 longitude. *and by that meridian northward to 

 the Blue Nile. The British sphere, merging into 

 the equatorial and Soudanese provinces, nomi- 

 nally belonging to Egypt under the suzerainty 

 of Turkey, includes the territory acquired from 

 the Sultan of Zanzibar by the British East 

 Africa Company, and afterward taken under di- 

 rect imperial control, which has an estimated 

 area of 270.000 square miles, with 5,000,000 in- 

 habitants, and the native kingdom of Uganda, 

 the conquest of which exhausted the resources 

 of the British East Africa Company, having an 

 area of about 58,000 square miles and 1,000,000 

 inhabitants; also the islands forming the sul- 

 tanate of Zanzibar, with an area of 988 square 

 miles and 210,000 inhabitants. Including the ter- 

 ritories between Uganda and the Congo State, 

 which are gradually being subjected to British 

 control, and the former Egyptian conquests, the 

 sphere claimed by Great Britain embraces an area 

 of more than 1,000,000 square miles. British 

 Somaliland, 68,000 square miles in extent, is at- 

 tached to Aden, which is a dependency of the 

 Indian Government. The Italian sphere, em- 

 bracing the rest of Somaliland, with a coast line 

 extending from Wahadu to Bandar Ziyada, has 

 an estimated area of 190,000 square miles, with 

 a population of 400,000. 



Zanzibar. The Seyyid, or Sultan, of Zanzi- 

 bar, Hamud bin Mohamed bin Said, born in 1858, 

 is still the nominal ruler of Zanzibar, but the 

 practical direction of affairs has passed to the 

 British agent and consul general, who acts under 

 the instructions of the Foreign Office in London. 

 The British protectorate was established in 1891, 

 when a mixed administration was constituted, 

 with Sir L. Matthews as Prime Minister. All 

 new acts and additional expenditure require the 

 sanction of the British agent and consul gen- 

 eral, Sir Arthur H. Hardinge. The soldiers and 

 police, under command of Gen. Raikes, number 

 JXX). The Sultan receives an allowance of about 

 120,000 rupees a year. The revenue is derived 

 mainly from customs duties and taxes on prod- 

 ucts of the country, mainly on cloves. All pub- 

 lic expenditure must be approved by the British 

 agent as well as the Sultan. The legal status 

 of slavery was abolished on April 6, 1897. The 

 town of Zanzibar, with a population of about 

 30.000, is the distributing point for nearly all 

 the trade of East Africa, and this is in the hands 

 of the 7,000 Banyan merchants from India, who 

 live there. It was made a free port in 1892, and 

 its commerce includes the exportable produce of 

 the sultanate, as well as of German and British 

 East Africa. The total value of imports in 1897 

 was 1.390,078, against 1,275,470 in 1896; the 

 value of exports was 1,189,668, against 1,158,- 

 S06. The imports of cloves, the staple product 

 of the Zanzibar dominions, grown chiefly in 

 Pemba, were 91,942 in value in 1897, and the 

 exports 92,416: imports of rice were 103,410, 

 and exports 62,098; imports of piece goods 

 wore 346,451, and exports 322,741; imports of 

 ivory were 108,592, and exports 134,007; im- 

 ports of copra, etc., were 42,933, and exports 



65,814; imports of rubber were 17,569, and 

 exports 29,470; imports of coal were 70,428; 

 of groceries, 64,353. Other exports were gum 

 of the value of 20,244; skins, 15,371; pearls, 

 13,179; fish, 12,644. The trade with different 

 countries in 1897 was as follows: 



The number of vessels engaged in foreign trade 

 entered at the port of Zanzibar during 1897 was 

 150, of 245,368 tons, of which 64, of 109,612 tons, 

 were German; 48, of 75,013 tons, British; 28, of 

 52,373 tons, French; and 10, of 8,370 tons, of 

 other nationalities. 



The decree that the British commissioner ob- 

 tained from the Sultan, enabling slaves to claim 

 emancipation, resulted in less than two years in 

 the manumission of about 8,000. After that few 

 applied for papers, but the custom grew up for 

 slaves to hire themselves as laborers for wages 

 with their masters or others, especially at har- 

 vest time, or to contract with their masters to 

 give service in lieu of rent for land occupied by 

 them. The total slave population of Zanzibar 

 and Pemba is variously estimated between 144,- 

 000 and 266,000. The antislavery agitators in 

 England complained that slaves must apply to 

 the Mohammedan walls for emancipation pa- 

 pers, and they took serious exceptions to the 

 exemption of concubines from the Sultan's eman- 

 cipation decree. 



British East Africa. On July 31, 1893, the 

 British East Africa Company abandoned the ter- 

 ritory situated between the Tana and the Juba, 

 and the administration reverted to Zanzibar, 

 which had been taken under the protection of 

 Great Britain, in accordance with the Anglo- 

 German convention of July 1, 1890. On June 

 15, 1895, the British Government declared a pro- 

 tectorate over all the territory between the coast 

 and the limits of Uganda. On June 30, 1895, the 

 British East Africa Company abandoned the 

 coast strip leased from the Sultan of Zanzibar, 

 and the administration passed to the Imperial 

 Government, and was placed under the super- 

 vision of the consul general at Zanzibar. On 

 Aug. 31, 1896, the whole territory was made a 

 separate protectorate, under the name of the 

 East Africa Protectorate. It is divided into the 

 coast province, with capital at Mombasa; Ukam- 

 ba, with capital at Machakos; Tanaland, includ- 

 ing Witu, with capital at Lamu ; and Jubaland, 

 with Kismayu for its capital. The population of 

 about 2,500,000 includes 13,500 Asiatics and 390 

 Europeans and Eurasians. Mombasa, the sea- 

 port and chief city, has 24,700 inhabitants. The 

 subcommissioner, C. H. Craufurd, has .Jiis resi- 

 dence there. The place is connected by a sub- 

 marine cable with Zanzibar, and with Lamu by 

 a telegraph line. The harbor has been improved 

 by the construction of durable jetties and docks. 

 The revenue of the protectorate for 1897 was 

 39,186; for 1898, 43,841. An import duty of 

 5 per cent, is levied under the Brussels act. The 

 principal imports are English and Indian cottons, 

 brass wire, beads, and provisions. The exports 

 are ivory, India rubber, cattle, goats, grain, 

 copra, hides, gum copal, etc. The whole trade 

 is conducted by the Banyan merchants. The 

 total value of imports in 1898 was 4,464,827 ru- 



