EAST AFRICA. 



ECUADOR. 



down the Nile to the advanced posts established 

 bv Lord Kitchener in the Soudan. With four 

 companies of the Soudanese troops of Uganda 

 who had remained loyal Col. Martyr was ordered 

 to proceed down the Nile by water to Fashoda 

 and establish posts as far as Sobat, so as to 

 control the water way and connect Uganda with 

 the country occupied by the Anglo-Egyptian 

 forces. The expedition advanced as far north as 

 Rejaf, but was unable to make its way down 

 the river, owing to the collection of vegetation, 

 which blocked navigation. Foweira and Fajao, 

 the latter 140 miles north of Uganda, had been 

 occupied by British forces previously. The Mar- 

 tyr expedition established posts at Wadelai and 

 Affuddo, and early in 1899 built Fort Berkeley, on 

 the Nile. 350 miles from Fashoda. The dervishes 

 were on the upper Nile, but at the approach of 

 the English expedition their forces dispersed. 



British Somaliland. The ports of Berbera 

 and Zaila were once occupied by Egypt, but the 

 coast was declared a British protectorate in 1884. 

 The area of the British sphere was originally 

 about 75,000 square miles, but by cession made 

 to the Negus of Abyssinia in 1897 it was reduced 

 to (iS.OOO square miles. A duty of 5 per cent, is 

 levied on all imports and 1 per cent, on exports, 

 except sheep, goats, cattle, gold, ivory, and civet. 

 The principal imports are piece goods, rice, and 

 dates. The exports are hides and skins, ostrich 

 feathers, cattle, sheep, and gum. The imports 

 in 1898 of Berbera, Bulhar, and Karam were 

 valued at 2,795,750 rupees; exports, 2,447,765 

 rupees: imports of Zaila, 2,426,700 rupees; ex- 

 ports, 2,807,644 rupees. Indian troops with Brit- 

 ish officers are garrisoned at the ports. 



German East Africa. The German protec- 

 torate is under the administration of an imperial 

 governor, Major-Gen. Liebert, who resides at 

 Dar-es-Salam. The estimate of revenue for 1899 

 was 5,965,200 marks, of which 100,000 marks 

 came from direct imposts, 1,625,000 marks from 

 customs duties and other taxes, 435,000 marks 

 from administration receipts, and 3,805,200 marks 

 from the imperial treasury. The expenses for 

 salaries are 3,385,633 marks; for stores and ma- 

 terials, 2,244,400 marks; and extraordinary ex- 

 penditures on public works, 322,000 marks; leav- 

 ing 13,167 marks for the reserve fund. For 1900 

 the expenditures are estimated at 8,000,000 

 marks, toward which the Imperial, Government 

 contributes 5,985,000 marks. The Europeans on 

 Jan. 1, 1897, numbered 922, of whom 678 were 

 Germans. The military force consisted of 172 

 Germans and 1,572 native soldiers, besides a po- 

 lice force of 15 German officers and 482 Askaris. 

 There are 7 Catholic and 3 Protestant missionary 

 societies working among the natives, who are 

 Bantus mixed with other races, and near the 

 coast are intermixed with Arabs. They culti- 

 vate bananas, pulse, and maize. German settlers 

 have cocoanut, coffee, vanilla, caoutchouc, to- 

 bacco, and vanilla plantations. The value of 

 imports in 1897 was 6,840,731 rupees, against 

 7,008,287 rupees in 1896; of exports, 3,736,197 

 rupees, against 3,329,941 rupees. The export of 

 ivory in 1897 was 1,107,000 rupees in value; of 

 caoutchouc, 851,000 rupees. Other exports are 

 mtama, sesame, copra, tallow, copal, rhinoceros 

 horns and teeth, and tobacco. Of the imports 

 1,841.000 rupees came from Germany, 572,000 

 rupees from Great Britain, 2,813,000 rupees from 

 India, 272,000 rupees from Arabia and Persia, 

 105,000 rupees from Zanzibar, and 1,238,000 ru- 

 pees from other countries. Of the exports 2,671,- 

 XK) rupees went to Germany, 831,000 rupees to 

 Zanzibar, and 234,000 rupees to other countries. 



Italian Somaliland. The sultanate of Obbia 

 was taken under Italian protection in February, 

 1889, and in April of the same year the protec- 

 torate was extended to the Mijertain Somalis, 

 In August, 1892, the Sultan of Zanzibar ceded 

 to Italy the whole coast from Obbia to the Juba 

 river. The Benadir coast was placed under the 

 control of a commercial company in 1896 for a 

 term of fifty years. The treaty of Adis Abeba 

 restored to Abyssinia the interior, restricting the 

 rights of Italy to a coast strip of 180 miles, ex- 

 tending farther on the Juba river so as to take 

 in Logh. The coast stations of Brava, Merka, 

 Mogadoscio, and Warsheikh are within the Ital- 

 ian sphere. 



ECUADOR, a republic in South America. The 

 legislative power is vested in the Congress, con- 

 sisting of a Senate of 30 members, 2 from each 

 province, elected for four years, and a House of 

 Representatives of 33 members, 1 to 30,000 of 

 population, elected by the votes of all adult male 

 Catholics able to read and write, for the term 

 of two years. 



The President of the republic is Gen. Eloy Al- 

 faro, elected for the regular term of four years 

 in January, 1897. The Vice-President is Manuel 

 B. Cueva. The Cabinet at the beginning of 1899 

 contained the following members: Minister of 

 the Interior, Police, Worship, and Public Charity, 

 Dr. R. Gomez; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Jus- 

 tice, Public Instruction, and Immigration, B. 

 Alban Mestanza; Minister of War and Marine,. 

 Gen. N. Arellano; Minister of Finance and Act- 

 ing Minister of Public Works, R. Valdivieso. 



Area and Population. The area of the re- 

 public is about 120,000 square miles. The popu- 

 lation is estimated at 1,271,861. The whites num- 

 ber about 100,000; mixed races, 300,000; Indians, 

 870,000. The Galapagos Islands, area 2',400 square 

 miles, have about 200 inhabitants. Quito, the 

 capital, contains about 80,000 inhabitants. 



Finances. The revenue for 1898 was esti- 

 mated at 9,093,551 sucres, and expenditure at 

 11,005,141 sucres, the same as for 1897. About 

 70 per cent, of the revenue is derived from cus- 

 toms, 15 per cent, from taxes on real property 

 and on cacao, rum, and tobacco, 6 per cent, from 

 the gunpowder and salt monopolies, and 9 per 

 cent, from excise duties, rents of state property, 

 and post-office receipts. 



The foreign debt, which was scaled down in 

 1892 from over 2,000,000 to 750,000, amounted 

 in 1898 to 693,160, but interest had been sus- 

 pended since 1896. The internal debt amounts 

 to 7,500,000 sucres. In 1898 the Guayaquil and 

 Quito Railroad Company agreed to assume the 

 foreign debt in return for special privileges. This 

 is an American corporation. The Government 

 had arranged with the English holders of the 

 foreign debt to pay 4 per cent, interest and 1 per 

 cent." sinking fund on 35 per cent, of the out- 

 standing amount. The railroad company agreed 

 to assume this obligation, and arranged with the 

 bondholders to exchange 6-per-cent. railroad 

 bonds, with 1 per cent, amortization, for one half 

 of the reduced Government bonds, and to deposit 

 in London 12,500 a year, representing the 4 per 

 cent, interest and 1 per cent, sinking fund on the 

 whole amount of the foreign debt that the Gov- 

 ernment had agreed to pay, but which the com- 

 pany proposed to apply to the interest and rapid 

 reduction of the railroad bonds given in exchange 

 for half this debt, while the other half would be 

 amortized by the sinking fund of 1 per cent. 



The Army. The regular army consists of 4 

 battalions, 2 columns of light infantry, a regi- 

 ment of cavalry, a brigade of field artillery, and 



