GERMANY. 



32T 



inches of Harveyized steel on sides and turrets 

 and a 3-inch deck, with engines of 14,000 horse 

 power, giving a speed of 19 knots, and an ex- 

 ceedingly powerful armament. The new second- 

 class cruiser is of the same design as the Vic- 

 toria Luise, Hertha, Freya, Hansa, and Vineta, 

 which have a displacement of 5,500 tons, a power- 

 ful armament, good protection, and a speed of 

 20 knots. 



Commerce and Production. The number of 

 agricultural holdings worked by separate fami- 

 lies in 1895 was 5,558,317, including pastoral hold- 

 ings, orchards, vineyards, etc. There were 2,529,- 

 132 of less than a hectare, 2,329,367 between 1 

 and 10 hectares, 674,757 between 10 and 100 hec- 

 tares, and 25,061 above 100 hectares. The total 

 area was 43,284,742 hectares, supporting 18,068,- 

 663 persons, of whom 8,156,045 worked on the 

 land. There was 5,982,180 hectares under rye, 

 5,909,693 in meadow, 3,979,643 under oats, 3,052,- 

 790 under potatoes, 1,926,885 under wheat, 1,676,- 

 329 under barley, 461,074 under turnips, etc., 434,- 

 708 under sugar beets, 151,526 under buckwheat, 

 116,405 in vineyards, 40,700 planted to hops, and 

 22,145 planted to tobacco in 1897. The number 

 of horses in that year was 4,038,485; of cattle, 

 18,490,772; of sheep, 10,866,772; of hogs, 14,274,- 

 557. Forestry is one of the most important in- 

 dustries of the country, and is conducted on sci- 

 entific principles, under the supervision of state 

 officials even when the forests are not the prop- 

 erty of the state. About a fourth of the whole 

 country is under forest; in the south and central 

 parts from 30 to 38 per cent. The exports of 

 fresh fish in 1897 were valued at 7,100,000 marks, 

 while the value of 17,700,000 marks was imported, 

 besides salt and preserved fish valued at 3,700,- 

 000 marks. There were 399 sugar works in 1897, 

 and these worked up 13,721,601 metric tons of 

 beet root, producing 1,738,885 tons of sugar and 

 342,322 tons of molasses. The pulp, used as 

 fodder, is not less valuable than the sugar. The 

 quantity of beet root required to produce a kilo- 

 gramme of sugar had been brought down in five 

 years from 8.35 to 7.72 kilogrammes. The quan- 

 tity of refined sugar produced was 1,004,454 tons. 

 The production of sugar from starch was 6,314 

 tons. The quantity of beer brewed in 1897 was 

 61,479,000 hectolitres, of which 16,198,000 hecto- 

 litres were produced in Bavaria. 3,795,000 in 

 Wiirtemberg, 2,192,000 in Baden, 937,000 in Al- 

 sace-Lorraine, and 38,357,000 in the excise district 

 embracing the rest of the empire. The average 

 annual consumption is 21 gallons per capita. 

 There were 62,108 distilleries in 1897, producing 

 3,101,000 hectolitres of alcohol. The production 

 of coal in 1897 was estimated at 90,055,000 metric 

 tons; of lignite, 29,419,500 tons; of iron ore, 15,- 

 466,000 tons; of zinc ore, 663,900 tons; of lead 

 ore, 150,200 tons; of copper ore, 700,600 tons; of 

 salt, 763,400 tons; of potassic salts, 1,946,200 

 tons. The quantity of pig iron produced in 1896 

 was 6,372,575 metric tons, valued at 299,660,000 

 marks; of zinc, 153,100 tons, valued at 47,108,000 

 marks; of lead, 113,793 tons, valued at 25,032,000 

 marks; of copper, 29,319 tons, valued at 29,174,- 

 000 marks; of silver, 428 tons, valued at 38,872,000 

 marks ; of tin, 826 tons, valued at 952,000 marks ; 

 of gold, 2,487 kilogrammes, valued at 6,915,752 

 marks; of sulphur and sulphuric acid, 593,150 

 tons, valued at 15,313,000 marks; of nickel, bis- 

 muth, and various mineral products, 33,546 tons, 

 valued at 10,941,149 marks. The total value of 

 the product of foundries of various kinds in 1896 

 was 473,967,705 marks. The quantity of manu- 

 factured iron produced was 7,382,489 tons, valued 

 at 916,787,819 marks. 



The special trade of the German customs union 

 in 1897 was distributed among the different coun- 

 tries as shown in the following table, giving 

 values in marks: 



The total value of the special imports in 1897 

 was 4,864,644,000 marks; of the special exports, 

 3,786,241,000 marks. The special imports of live 

 animals were 180,444,000 marks in value, and spe- 

 cial exports 23,210,000 marks; imports of animal 

 products were 153,064,000 marks, and exports 

 31,300,000 marks; imports of articles of consump- 

 tion were 1,434,261,000 marks, and exports 492,- 

 447,000 marks; imports of seeds and plants were 

 44,343,000 marks, and exports 27,882,000 marks; 

 imports of fuel were 130,375,000 marks, and ex- 

 ports 177,972,000 marks; imports of fats and oils 

 were 236,602,000 marks, and exports 30,861,000 

 marks; imports of chemicals, drugs, and dyes 

 were 285,109,000 marks, and exports 358,581,000 

 marks; imports of stone, clay, and glass were 

 68,756,000 marks, and exports 151,089,000 marks; 

 imports of metals and metal manufactures were 

 455,316,000 marks, and exports 585,912,000 marks; 

 imports of timber and wood manufactures were 

 382,269,000 marks, and exports 147,159,000 marks; 

 imports of paper and paper manufactures were 

 23,630,000 marks, and exports 105,786,000 marks; 

 imports of leather and leather manufactures were 

 236,461,000 marks, and exports 230,500,000 marks; 

 imports of rubber and rubber manufactures were 

 49,763,000 marks, and exports 37,483,000 marks; 

 imports of textile materials and manufactures 

 were 1,033,546,000 marks, and exports 917,117,000 

 marks; imports of machinery and instruments 

 were 86,335,000 marks, and exports 230,551,000 

 marks; imports of hardware were 20,965,000 

 marks, and exports 109,948,000 marks; imports 

 of books and works of art were 43,405,000 marks, 

 and exports 127,549,000 marks; various other ex- 

 ports, 894,000 marks. Of the total imports, 

 2,311,120,000 marks were free of duty and 2,553,- 

 524,000 marks paid duties amounting to 474,889,- 

 826 marks, an average rate of 18.6 per cent, on 

 dutiable goods. Some of the chief imports were 

 raw cotton of the value of 243,221,000 marks; 

 wool, 218,713,000 marks; wheat, 173,698,000 

 marks; coffee, 160,368,000 marks; hides, 136,547,- 

 000 marks; barley, 120,618,000 marks; woolen 

 yarn, 99,128.000 marks; raw silk, 89,460,000 

 marks; horses, 84,500,000 marks; rye, 80,283,000 

 marks; petroleum, 75,107,000 marks. Some of the 

 chief exports were sugar of the value of 229,898,- 

 000 marks; coal and coke, 170,085,000 marks; 

 woolen cloth, 144,430,000 marks; trimmings and 

 ribbons, 115,459,000 marks; mixed silk and cot- 



