364 



HAWAII. 



1897 was 2,687. President Sanford B. Dole and 

 all the administrative and judicial officers were 

 continued in their functions. The Cabinet was 

 composed as follows: Minister of Foreign Affairs 

 and of Public Instruction, H. E. Cooper ; Minister 

 of the Interior, J. A. King; Minister of Finance, 

 S. M. Damon; Attorney-General, W. O. Smith. 



Area and Population. The island of Hawaii 

 has an area of 4,210 square miles; Maui, 760; 

 Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lanai, 150; 

 Niihau, 97; Kahulawe, 63; total area of the 

 islands, 6,640 square miles. The population on 

 Sept. 27, 1896, was 109,020, comprising 72,517 

 males and 36,503 females. The native population 

 at the time when Capt. Cook discovered the 

 islands in 1778 was estimated at 200,000. In 1853 

 there were 70,036 natives, and since then the num- 

 ber has steadily declined to 49,044 in 1872, 44,088 

 in 1884, and 31,019 in 1896. The half-castes have 

 increased from 983 in 1853 to 8,485 in 1896, Ameri- 

 cans from 692 to 2,266, Hawaiian-born foreigners 

 from 309 to 13,733, British from 435 to 1,538, 

 Germans from 81 to 912, French from 60 to 75, 

 Norwegians from 8 to 216, Portuguese from 86 

 to 8,232, other foreigners from 80 to 424, Chinese 

 from 364 to 19,382, Polynesians from 4 to 409, 

 and the Japanese in 1896 numbered 22,329, having 

 come in the last twelve years, mostly as contract 

 laborers for the sugar plantations. A large part 

 of the Chinese and of the Portuguese population 

 was imported in the same way. On Jan. 1, 1898, 

 the total population was estimated at 117,281, 

 having been increased by the immigration of 4,244 

 Chinese, 2,875 Japanese, 108 Portuguese, and 

 1,034 other foreigners. Restrictions were placed 

 on Chinese immigration, but the Japanese im- 

 migration increased. Of the native Hawaiians 

 about 50 per cent, are Protestants, 33 per cent. 

 Roman Catholics, and 17 per cent. Mormons. Of 

 the total population, 54,522 reported themselves 

 in 1896 as Christians, 42.68 per cent, of these 

 being Protestants, 48.36 per cent. Roman Cath- 

 olics, and 8.96 per cent. Mormons; 44,306 were 

 non-Christian Chinese and Japanese, and 10,192 

 declined to state their religious belief or professed 

 no religion. 



The system of primary education is one of the 

 most complete in the world. There were 192 

 schools in the islands in 1897, in which 507 teach- 

 ers instructed 14,522 pupils, of whom 5,530 were 

 Hawaiians, 2,479 half-castes, 3,815 Portuguese, 

 and 1,638 Asiatics. Of the teachers, 253 were 

 Americans, 119 Hawaiians or part Hawaiians, 

 and 69 British. At the last census 83.97 per 

 cent, of the Hawaiians, 91.21 per cent, of the 

 half-castes, 68.29 per cent, of the Hawaiian-born 

 foreigners, 82.02 per cent, of the Americans, 95.44 

 per cent, of the British, 86.31 per cent, of the 

 Germans, 92 per cent, of the French, 80.46 per 

 cent, of the Norwegians, 27.84 per cent, of the 

 Portuguese, 53.60 per cent, of the Japanese, 48.47 

 per cent, of the Chinese, 40.05 per cent, of the 

 Polynesians, and 75.41 per cent, of the persons 

 of other nationalities were able to read and write. 

 Of the total population in 1896, the number of 

 persons engaged in agriculture was 7,570; the 

 number of laborers, 34,438; the number engaged 

 in fishing and navigation, 2,100; in industry, 

 2,265; in commerce and transportation, 2,031; in 

 liberal professions, 2,580; in the public service, 

 4,310; without occupation, 53,726. The number 

 of depositors in the postal savings banks in 1897 

 was 10,620, having average deposits of about 

 $90. The population of Honolulu, the capital, in 

 1896 was 29,920. 



Finances. The revenue of the Hawaiian Gov- 

 ernment in 1860 was $571,041 and the expendi- 



ture $612,410, and in 1870 the revenue was $834,- 

 112 and the expenditure $930,550; in the next 

 ten years the revenue doubled, being $l,703,73fr 

 in 1880, with $1,495,697 of expenditure; in the 

 decade succeeding this there was another increase 

 of over 100 per cent, in revenue, which was 

 $3,632,196 in 1890, with $3,250,510 of expendi- 

 tures ; in the years of the sugar crisis and political 

 unrest there was no growth in the revenue. In 

 1897 the ordinary revenue amounted to $2,282,454,. 

 and expenditure to $1,924,385. Of the receipts in 

 1897, customs duties produced $708,493; taxa- 

 tion, $763,985 ; administrative departments, $242,- 

 337: the post office, $73,530; stamps, $41,562; 

 water supply, $64,627 ; public lands, $97,739 ; sales, 

 of state property, $76,251; various sources, $57,- 

 500; balance from preceding year, $93,627; total 

 receipts, $2,282,454. Of the expenditures, $17,060 

 were for the executive and legislation, $88,450 

 for justice, $57,864 for foreign affairs, $241,138 

 for public works, $195,959 for sanitary affairs, 

 $179,859 for the Department of Finance, $245,492 

 for the public debt, $263,814 for the Attorney- 

 General's office, $144,388 for public instruction, 

 $80,600 for the military force, and $409,761 for 

 various expenses. The armed force consists of 

 a regiment of 8 companies, numbering 476 officers 

 and men. 



The Hawaiian Government borrowed $34,200 

 at 6 per cent, in 1882, $2,000,000 in 1886 at the 

 same interest, $190,000 in 1888 at that rate, $124,- 

 100 in 1890 and $119,400 in 1892 at 5 and 6 per 

 cent., $650,000 in 1893 at 6 per cent, again, and 

 $562,000 in 1896 at 5 per cent.; total funded debt, 

 $3,679,700. Including $809,181 due to depositors 

 in the postal savings bank, the total indebtedness 

 on Jan. 1, 1898, was $4,488,881. 



Commerce and Production. The soil of the 

 Hawaiian Islands is of volcanic origin, and is ex- 

 ceedingly fertile. The main industry is sugar 

 growing. Rice is also a staple product, and coffee 

 is grown for export. Bananas are shipped to 

 California, and there is considerable trade in 

 hides and skins and in wool. The sugar estates 

 in 1897 gave employment to 24,653 laborers, of 

 whom 12,068 were Japanese, 8,114 Chinese, 2,2 1& 

 Portuguese, 1,497 Hawaiians, 81 Polynesians, and 

 675 of other races and nationalities. The export 

 of sugar in 1895 was under 7J tons for every 

 laborer employed, but in three years the rate of 

 production was increased to almost 10J tons for 

 each laborer. The total export of sugar in 1897 

 was 520,158,232 pounds, valued at $15,390,422; 

 in 1896 it was 443,569,282 pounds, valued at $14,- 

 932,172; in 1895 it was 294,784,819 pounds, val- 

 ued at $7,975,590; in 1890 it was 259,789,462 

 pounds, valued at $12,159,585, having increased 

 from 171,350,314 pounds, valued at $8,356,061, in 

 1885, 63,584,871 pounds, valued at $4,322,711, in 

 1880, and 25,080,182 pounds, valued at $1,216,388,. 

 in 1875. The export of molasses in 1897 was 33,- 

 770 gallons, valued at $2,892, making the total 

 value of sugar exports $15,393,314. The export 

 of rice in 1897 was 5,499,499 pounds, valued at 

 $225,575. The coffee exported in 1897 amounted 

 to 337,158 pounds, valued at $99,696, having in- 

 creased from 255,655 pounds, valued at $53,650, 

 in 1896, and 118,755 pounds, valued at $22,823, 

 in 1895. The number of hides exported in 1897 

 was 25,140, valued at $87,545; of goat skins, 

 6,085, valued at $2,055; of sheep skins, 9,907, val- 

 ued at $2,711. Of bananas, 75,835 bunches were ex- 

 ported, valued at $75,412; of pineapples, the num- 

 ber was 149,515, valued at $14,423. The export 

 of wool was 249,200 pounds, valued at $21,308. 

 Other exports, including canned and fresh fruits, 

 betel leaves, tallow, awa, guano, taro, and flour,. 



