384 



INDIA. 



INDIANA. 



would be trusted to guard the posts and bridges 

 from the Lowari to Chitral, while an alternative 

 line of communication is obtained by improving 

 the road leading into Chitral from Gilgit. The 

 Nowshera Railroad is being completed from the 

 left bank of the Kabul river to Dargai, and the 

 gauge of this and of all the light railroads to the 

 frontier has been changed from 2 feet to 2 feet 

 6 inches. These light railroads are expected to 

 give the troops sufficient mobility to protect the 

 frontier without locking them up in detached 

 garrisons far from their base, as the other plan 

 involved. In the Tochi valley a Waziri militia 

 will be employed, which can be controlled by 

 movable columns at Bannu and Dera Ismail 

 Khan. Waziri militia will also hold all the posts 

 occupied hitherto by regulars in northern Wa- 

 ziristan. A standard-gauge railroad is being built 

 up to the base at Jamrud. Railroad communi- 

 cation with Kohat will be established as soon 

 as practicable. All the cantonments still re- 

 tained among the frontier tribes will be connected 

 by railways as far as possible with their mili- 

 tary bases. An old feud between the Khan of 

 Nawagai and the Mamunds of Bajaur, supported 

 by the Khan of Dir, was composed in July by 

 the intervention of the British political agent. 



Internal Affairs. The secret society that in- 

 cited the Poona murders in 1897 gave evidence of 

 its vitality by murderous attacks on police offi- 

 cers early in 1899. Fresh prosecutions of Maha- 

 rathi newspapers under the new press law were 

 undertaken in consequence of their unabated se- 

 ditious tone. The most serious and inflammatory 

 attacks on the Government were disguised in alle- 

 gorical and poetical forms or in ethical disquisi- 

 tions as to how rulers with the guilt of murder 

 on their souls could mete out justice to others, 

 or what allegiance is due to robbers turned kings 

 or to kings who have usurped the dominion of 

 others, or pointing out the fate of former usurp- 

 ers and conquerors. 



In Tinnevelli and Madura differences between 

 Hindu castes led in June to riots, in which vil- 

 lages were burned and many persons murdered. 

 It arose from the attempt of the Maravars, a 

 Dravidian caste of warriors and husbandmen, to 

 exclude the Shanars, whom they held to be un- 

 clean, from the temples. When the deputy magis- 

 trate, a Mohammedan, decided in favor of the 

 Shanars, the Maravars and Kullars attacked their 

 villages in the two districts and in British Trav- 

 ancore, and were not stopped in their pillage, 

 destruction, and violence until the troops arrived 

 and took about 1,000 prisoners. The Shanars, 

 whose chief occupation is making toddy from 

 palm juice, have aspired, since many of them have 

 been converted to Christianity and educated, to 

 the same privileges accorded to other classes, 

 which were therefore incited to suppress their 

 social insubordination with the barbarity natural 

 to them. After the disturbances were over a 

 large number of the Shanars adopted the Mo- 

 hammedan religion. 



The feelings of the Burmese community were 

 outraged by the mildness of the punishment in- 

 flicted by regimental officers on British soldiers 

 who had committed a dastardly crime upon a 

 respectable native woman. The Government recti- 

 fied the error by revising the sentence and court- 

 martialing the officers who were responsible. 



The policy of stamping out the bubonic plague 

 by segregation, sanitary cordons, and violent re- 

 pressive measures that arrested trade and indus- 

 try and wrought up the Hindu and Mohammedan 

 communities to the point of insurrection by vio- 

 lating their family privacy and social and re- 



ligious customs was not even successful from 

 a sanitary point of view. The deaths in Bombay 

 city from the epidemic during the second out- 

 break in 1898, when these thorough methods were 

 applied, rose to 28,000, while during the outbreak 

 of 1897, when the municipality and the health 

 officials were allowed to employ the usual pre- 

 cautions against the spread of epidemics, such as 

 cleansing and disinfection, the number of deaths 

 was 22,700. The special plague commission which 

 took control in 1898, having found the thorough 

 policy of no avail, reverted to milder plague meas- 

 ures in 1899 when the third outbreak occurred, 

 and the deaths in Bombay fell to 21,000. In Cal- 

 cutta the Government prepared for the coming 

 of the epidemic by flushing the sewers and cleans- 

 ing the most unwholesome and overcrowded quar- 

 ters. Inspection stations on the railroad lines 

 prevented the entrance of the disease through in- 

 fected persons as long as possible, but at last 

 the disease made its appearance in the capital. 

 The rigorous measures employed at Bombay were 

 not adopted, and yet the epidemic was kept with- 

 in moderate limits. Attention was given to pre- 

 venting its dissemination among the villages, 

 though without recourse to the wholesale deten- 

 tions and inspections that produced panic and 

 riot in Bombay province. Persons suffering from 

 plague were not allowed to leave Calcutta by 

 railroad or steamer, but no one was detained 

 without distinct proof. The study of the disease 

 has led to the conclusion that rats are a com- 

 mon vehicle for the incubation and communica- 

 tion of the germs. The removal of persons ex- 

 posed to infection to camps in the open country 

 is the precaution that has been found to be most 

 efficacious, and it has been applied on an enor- 

 mous scale in Bombay. The evacuation of vil- 

 lages after the plague had entered was the most 

 efficacious measure, and in every instance it 

 proved successful in Bombay and the Punjab at 

 every season of the year. The Indian authori- 

 ties have concluded that the plague can not be 

 eradicated by forcible sanitary measures, but will 

 continue in India, with the usual decline in the 

 hot season. The means of protection can only 

 be partial, and they must be evolved, as in the 

 case of cholera, from experience. 



INDIANA, a Western State, admitted to the 

 Union Dec. 11, 1816; area, 36,350 square miles. 

 The population, according to each decennial cen- 

 sus since admission, was 147,178 in 1820; 343,031 

 in 1830; 685,866 in 1840; 988,416 in 1850; 1,350,- 

 428 in 1860; 1,680,637 in 1870; 1,978,301 in 1880; 

 ami 2,192,404 in 1890; estimated from the school 

 enumeration of 1899 it is 2,645,138. Capital, In- 

 dianapolis. 



Government. The following were the State 

 officers in 1899: Governor, James A. Mount; 

 Lieutentant Governor, W. S. Haggard; Secretary 

 of State, Union B. Hunt; Treasurer, Leopold 

 Levy; Auditor, William H. Hart; Attorney-Gen- 

 eral, William L. Taylor; Superintendent of In- 

 struction, F. L. Jones; Adjutant General, J. K. 

 Gore; Statistician, John B. Conner; Geologist, 

 Willis S. Blatchley; Commissioner of Insurance, 

 C. W. Neal; Commissioner of Public Lands, L. 

 G. Rothschild; Labor Commission, B. F. Schmid, 

 L. McCormack; Factory Inspector, D. F. Mc- 

 Abee; Fish and Game Commissioner, Z. T. Mc- 

 Sweeney; Tax Commissioners, T. B. Buskirk, J. 

 C. Wingate; Supervisor of Natural Gas, J. C. 

 Leach; Mine Inspector, Robert Fisher; Chief Jus- 

 tice of the Supreme Court, Leander J. Monks; 

 Associate Justices, James H. Jordan, Alexander 

 Dowling, J. V. Hadley, Francis E. Baker; Clerk, 

 Robert A. Brown all Republicans. 



