394: 



ITALY. 



for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 16,184,565 lire 

 being for ordinary and 23,000 lire for extraordi- 

 nary expenses; 40,782,445 lire for the Ministry 

 of Grace and Justice, 40,759,375 lire being for 

 ordinary and 23,070 lire for extraordinary ex- 

 penses; 46,546,164 lire for the Ministry of Edu- 

 cation, 45,535,100 lire being for ordinary and 

 1,011,064 lire for extraordinary expenses; 70,773,- 

 115 lire for the Ministry of the Interior, 11.987,656 

 lire being for general administration, 7,635,000 

 lire for pensions. 1,061,480 lire for sanitary serv- 

 ice, 16,034,188 lire for police, 27,403,388 lire for 

 prisons, 945,520 lire for various services, and 

 4,344,258 lire for extraordinary expenses; 28,163,- 

 738 lire for ordinary and 50,327,017 lire for ex- 

 traordinary expenditure of the Ministry of Pub- 

 lic Works; 64,389,819 lire for the Ministry of 

 Posts and Telegraphs, 64,308,303 lire being for 

 ordinary and 81,516 lire for extraordinary ex- 

 penses; 265.915,283 lire for the Ministry of War, 

 264,445,283 lire being for ordinary and 1, 470,000 

 lire for extraordinary expenses; 115,425,848 lire 

 for the Ministry of Marine, 111,039,848 lire being 

 for ordinary and 4,386,000 lire for extraordinary 

 expenses; 12,752,015 lire for the Ministry of Agri- 

 culture, Commerce, and Industry, 9,609,110 lire 

 being for ordinary and 3,142,905 lire for extraor- 

 dinary expenses. 



The estimated ordinary revenue for 1899 was 

 1,661,456,980 lire, and the extraordinary expendi- 

 ture was estimated at 35,334,375 lire; total, 1,696,- 

 791,355 lire. The estimated ordinary expenditure 

 for 1899 was 1,573,235,729 lire, and the extraor- 

 dinary expenditure 113,557,680 lire; total, 1,686,- 

 793,409 lire, showing 37,264,164 lire of surplus 

 effective revenue, offset by 18,080,518 lire of deficit 

 in the construction of railroads account and 

 9,185,700 lire in movement of capital, leaving a 

 net surplus of 9,997,946 lire. The total receipts 

 for 1898 were 1,731,728,371 lire, and the expendi- 

 tures 1,732,833,944 lire, leaving a deficit of 1,105,- 

 573 lire, compared with a surplus of 126,932 lire 

 in 1897 and 409,078 lire in 1896 and a deficit of 

 58,855,904 lire in 1895. The total interest paid 

 on the national debt in 1899 was 590,562,883 lire, 

 and amortization 1,182,759 lire. 



The Army. The Italian army under the law 

 of June 28, 1897, is composed of the permanent 

 army, the mobile militia, and the territorial 

 militia. Service in the permanent army begins 

 at the age of twenty, and lasts for carabineers 

 and all noncommissioned officers five years with 

 the colors and four years on leave; for others, 

 two or three years with the colors and five to 

 seven years on leave; then three or four years 

 in the mobile and seven years in the territorial 

 militia. Those not drawn for active service are 

 attached to the permanent army for eight or 

 nine years, to the mobile militia for three or four 

 years, and to the territorial militia for seven 

 years, and in the first two years they undergo 

 a training that lasts from two to six months. 

 Men of a third category are enrolled in the terri- 

 torial army for the whole of their nineteen years 

 of service, and are required to undergo a month's 

 instruction and serve in time of war on garrison 

 duty or as the last reserve of the army. Out of 

 396,824 recruits examined in 1896 there were 

 108,326 rejected, 99,849 put back for a year, 94,- 

 695 drawn for active service, 1,681 assigned to 

 the permanent army on leave, and 92,273 en- 

 rolled in the territorial militia. Young men of 

 education may serve as volunteers for a year on 

 payment of a certain sum. The army consists 

 of 12 corps, with headquarters at Turin, Alessan- 

 dria, Milan, Placentia, Verona, Bologna, Ancona, 

 Florence, Rome, Naples, Bari, and Palermo. 



The peace effectives in 1899 were 141 officers of 

 the general staff; 237 staff officers in the army 

 corps; 7,110 officers and 163,017 men in 346 in- 

 fantry battalions and 88 district companies; 889 

 officers and 24,217 men in 144 squadrons and 24 

 depots of cavalry; 1,600 officers and 18,202 men 

 in 204 field batteries, 78 artillery companies, and 

 40 companies of train; 524 officers and 9,039 men 

 in 66 companies of engineers and 10 of train; 661 

 officers and 2,655 men in 12 sanitary companies; 

 166 officers and 2,134 men in 12 commissariat 

 companies; 1,165 administrative officers; 611 offi- 

 cers and 24,190 men in 12 legions of carabineers; 

 327 officers and 547 men in the military schools; 

 and 183 officers in the veterinary corps; total 

 effectives, 13,614 officers and 244,001 men, with 

 47,006 horses. 



In time of war armies will be formed of 3 or 4 

 corps d'armee and a division of cavalry. The 

 war strength of the land forces in 1899, com- 

 prising only men who have received military in- 

 struction, was 36,225 officers, 244,001 men of the 

 active army, 545,340 men of the permanent army 

 on leave of absence, 355,250 men of the mobile 

 militia, and 298,730 men of the territorial militia ; 

 total, 1,479,546 men of all ranks in the first cate- 

 gory. In the second category there were 339,170 

 men, and in the third category, composed mostly 

 of men without any military instruction, there 

 were 1,683,490. 



The Navy. The Italian navy in 1899 con- 

 tained the Andrea Doria, Dandolo, Duilio, Italia, 

 Ruggiero de Lauria, Lepanto, Francesco Moro- 

 sini, Re Umberto, Sardegna, Sicilia, Ammiraglio 

 Saint-Bon, and Emmanuele Filiberto all battle 

 ships of the first class, built between 1876 and 

 1897, ranging from 9,800 to 15,900 tons, the first 

 two and oldest turret ships carrying 4 10-inch 

 guns; the next five armed with 4 17-inch guns in 

 barbettes, and having 19-inch or 18-inch armor 

 on the sides; the three next carrying 4 ISHnch 

 guns, and having 14-inch armor; and the last two 

 carrying 10-inch guns and plated with 10-inch 

 armor. There were under construction the Re- 

 gina Margherita, Benedetto Brin, and Principessa 

 Elena, of 13,500 tons. The Vettor Pisani and 

 Carlo Alberto, of 6,500 tons, are armored cruisers, 

 carrying 12 6-inch and 6 4.7-inch quick-firing guns, 

 and engined to steam 20 knots. The Marco Polo, 

 displacing 4,600 tons, has a speed of 19 knots. 

 The Varese, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Francesco 

 Ferrucio are new armored cruisers being built, 

 the two former to replace others of the same 

 name that were sold to the Argentine Republic 

 and Spain, each having a displacement of 7,400 

 tons, with a quick-firing armament of 4 8-inch, 

 10 6-inch, and 6 4.7 -inch guns, and a speed of 20 

 knots. Of third-class squadron vessels there are 

 the Affondatore, Ancona, Castelfidardo, Maria 

 Pia, and San Martino, ironclads of earlier types, 

 having less than 6 inches of armor, a light arma- 

 ment, and a speed of 12 or 13 knots. There are 

 30 other fighting ships inferior to these, but still 

 classed as effective. The torpedo fleet consists v 

 of 6 boats of the first, 94 of the second, 38 of 

 the third, and 6 of the fourth class. The per- 

 sonnel of the navy in 1899 consisted of 1,546 offi- 

 cers, 18,174 seamen, and 5,455 marines, gunners, 

 torpedists, mechanics, telegraphists, etc., on shore. 



Navigation. The total number of vessels en- 

 tered at Italian ports during 1898 was 104,254, 

 of 29,739,348 tons, of which 37,673 were steamers, 

 of 26,861,724 tons, and 66,581 were sailing vessels, 

 of 2,877,624 tons. Of the steamers 15,122, of 16,- 

 708,462 tons, were engaged in ocean commerce, 

 7,014 of them, of 7,260,259 tons, under the Ital- 

 ian flag, and 8,108, of 9,448,203 tons, under for- 



