LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 



LITERATURE, SPANISH-AMERICAN. 459 



Verner von Heidenstam Karolinerna, second part 

 (brilliant style, intense interest; better than first 

 part in characterization of Charles XII) ; Gustaf 

 af Geijerstam's Aktenskapets Komedi (1898); 

 Axel Lundegfird's Asra: en Nutidsidyll (a bit 

 of tragedy in the life of labor) and Struensee, 

 en Manniskoskildring u Historien i tre Romaner, 

 1 : Stadslakaren i Altona ; and Georg Dahna's En 

 Upprorsman. Poetical works favorably criticised 

 are Erik Axel Karlfeldt's Fridolins Visor och 

 andra Dikter ("original ideas, fresh humor, vir- 

 tuosity in language ") ; and Hugo Tigerschiold's 

 Dikter, Tredje Samlingen (1898; "a mournful 

 tone of suppressed longing for liberty sounds 

 throughout these poems"). And the drama is 

 represented by August Strindberg's Till Damas- 

 kus (in two divisions, of respectively five and 

 four acts; lacks unity of thought) and Adolf 

 Paul's Rung Kristian II: Skudespel i fern Akter. 

 Some further titles in belles-lettres are added with- 

 out comment: A. Strindberg's Vid hb'gre Riitt; A. 

 Wahlenberg's Bindande Band; C. Baath-Holm- 

 berg's Pepita och andra Berattelser; W. Jaeger's 

 Talini: Roman ur Stockholms-Lifvet; and J. L. 

 Stockstrand's Odmars Flickor. 



Recent happenings have directed special atten- 

 tion to Finland. Books published at Helsingfors 

 were recorded in these reports (under Sweden) in 

 1895 and 1897. The list for 1898-'99 includes P. 

 Nordmann's Fran Nodtider och Ofredsar, historis- 

 ka Skildringar; Blad ur min Tankebok (posthu- 

 mous), by Zacharias Topelius; Bref fran Henrik 

 Gabriel Porthan till Samtida (Vol. XXXVIII of 

 the Skrifter utg. af Svenska Literatursallskapet 

 i Finland); Aina's Vid Aftonlampan, VI: Skiz- 

 zer och Noveller (fresh, bright stories) ; Miss 

 Helena Westermarck's Lifvets Saga: Berattelse; 

 Parus Alter's Toner fran Bygden (poetry) ; O. 

 M. Reuters Nya Dikter ("warm feeling; sure ob- 

 servation of nature"); and H. Winther's Lands- 

 byen Rodved. At the Svenska Teatern, in Helsing- 

 fors, Echegaray, Turgenef, Wilbrandt, Bisson, 

 Halbe, Hedberg, Hauptmann, Voss, Trotha, Tope- 

 lius, and Wecksell had a hearing; at the Folke 

 Teatern (more national), Berndtson, Topelius, 

 Runeberg, Lagus, and Canth. (See Helsingfors 

 Teatrar, by E. Hasselblatt, in the Finsk Tids- 

 krift, Vol. XLVI, May, 1899.) The increasing 

 literary activity is furthered also by prizes for 

 literary work offered by the Swedish Literary 

 Society in Finland, the Finnish Literary Society, 

 etc. It appears that the Finnophile movement 

 has made great progress. Th. Pezold (Deutsche 

 Rundschau, July, 1899) tells us that while there 

 was 1 Finnish paper to 3 Swedish ones in 1820, 

 there were 99 Finnish and 73 Swedish in 1896. 

 The Finnish idiom was restricted to the rural 

 pulpit at the beginning of the century; to-day 

 both languages are used by the General Govern- 

 ment, and in local affairs the Finnish alone. 

 Many of the lectures at the Helsingfors University 

 are delivered in Finnish. The Finnish theater 

 vies with the Swedish, and in belles-lettres the 

 national tongue is steadily gaining ground. A 

 " robust ability " characterizes this movement. 

 Among new publications in Finnish are For Fos- 

 terlandet: Tankar och Uttalanden (pervading 

 keynote of these more or less aphoristic utter- 

 ances of 42 authors is certainly serious but not 

 pessimistic) ; E. N. Setala's Suomen kielioppi, 

 aanne-ja sanaoppi: Suomi-finnische Sprachlehre, 

 Laut- und Wortlehre (a model performance); 

 Juhani Aho's Katajainen kansani ja muita uusia 

 ja vanhoja lastuja vuosilto 1891 ja 1899, Toinen 

 painos and Enris; Santeri Ingman's Anna Flem- 

 ing, historiallinen Romaani (fiction) ; and poetry 

 by Kyosti Larson (Kylan lauluja) and Eino Leino 



(Sata ja yksi laulua and Tuonelan joutsen, niiy- 

 telmilruno, a dramatized pooin). 



LITERATURE, SPANISH-AMERICAN, 

 IN 1899. The Spanish periodicals appear to 

 be giving more attention to Spanish-American 

 affairs since the war. Espafia Moderna now has 

 a section " Poetas Americanos " and a " Re vista 

 hispano-americana," with the purpose of uphold- 

 ing the influence of Spanish life and language 

 south of the United States. (This latter tend- 

 ency is naturally political, and directed against 

 " Yankee expansion.") La Epoca announced the 

 publication of a novel, Promision, by the distin- 

 guished Argentinian Ocantos. On the other hand, 

 El Tiempo of Buenos Ayres, El Tiempo of Peru, 

 and La Voz de Mejico have been printing novels 

 by Valdes, and the work of the Argentinian 

 Calixto Oyuela (Oda a Espafia, Finis Justitiae, 

 and other poems, collected under the title Es- 

 pafia) is likewise cited in proof of the growing 

 intellectual relations between " all America of 

 our race " and the " mother country," as a Span- 

 ish writer says. However, " the literary influence 

 to-day predominating in Latin America is the 

 French," and the transformation of the Castellano 

 in America seems inevitable, to use the words 

 of another Spaniard. Some noteworthy titles are 

 offered herewith. 



Argentine Republic. Misia Jeromita (an 

 animated picture of middle-class life in Buenos 

 Ayres) is one of the Novelas argentinas by Carlos 

 M. Ocantos. (The author " may be considered 

 a Spanish novelist, differing from many other 

 writers of the New World, who seem in reality 

 French writers, translated into an irregular and 

 fantastic Spanish.") En los Estados Unidos: 

 Apuntes, a pamphlet by Juan B. Justo, is " im- 

 partial, though by a Socialist." Peligros Ameri- 

 canos, by A. Rodriguez del Busto, is an enthusi- 

 astic defense of the " integrity and the rights of 

 the Iberian race in America " against the " Yan- 

 kee attractions inoculated in Spanish America," 

 and an answer to Dr. P. Alfonso, a Chilian, who 

 takes the opposite view of the matter. 



Brazil. Um Estadista do Imperio, Nabuco de 

 Araujo, suas Opinioes, sua Epoca, by his son, is 

 a good contribution to history, but needs an 

 index. Prose fiction includes Um Homem pratico 

 (original ideas, facile style), short stories, by 

 Medeiros e Albuquerque, a versatile author; Ro- 

 manceiro and O Rajah de Pendjab (a novel of 

 adventure; imagination and brilliant style), by 

 Coelho Netto; No declinio, by Viscount de Tau- 

 nay; and Yaya. Garcia (fine language, aphoris- 

 mic), by Machado de Assis. Poetry is repre- 

 sented by Violetas poeticas: Album de Poesias 

 para dias de Annos, colleccionadas dos melhores 

 Poetas brazileiros; Francisco Mangabeira's Hos- 

 tiario (love verse by a poet of promise) ; and Luiz 

 Edmundo's Nimbos (second edition, 1898). There 

 are also scientific works, popular books, such as 

 the Almanach popular brazileiro, and transla- 

 tions, as of A. Laugel's biographical sketch of 

 Lincoln. 



Chili. The industrious J. T. Medina has issued 

 El Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion en 

 las Islas Filipinas, Biblioteca hispano-chilena 

 (1523-1817), Vol. II, and Vols. XVII and XVIII 

 of Coleccion de Documentos ineditos para la His- 

 toria de Chile. The seventeenth volume of Colec- 

 cion de Historiadores de Chile has been published, 

 as has also Vol. Ill of M. L. Amunategui's La 

 CrCnica de 1810. Guillermo Subercaseaux, a 

 notable publicist, offers Estudios econCmicos: El 

 Papel moneda en Chile y Ensayo sobre la Teorfa 

 del Valor. Fragmentos de um Poema is a " posi- 

 tivist poem " by Guillerme Puelma Tupper, a 





