NETHERLANDS. 



,.,-tv as well as religious convictions and the 

 performance of worship, ought to be respected. 



- Private property can not be coiihscateu. 



- \UT XLY 1 1. Pillage is formally forbidden. 

 " \HT XLVIII. If the occupying power levies 



in the occupied territory the taxes rights, and 

 tolls established for the profit ot the state it 

 shall do so as much as possible according to the 

 rules of the assessment and apportionment in 

 force, and on it therefore will also rest the obliga- 

 tion to provide for the expenses of the adminis- 

 tration of the occupied territory to the same ex- 

 tent to which the legal government was bound 

 in that respect. , , 



.. .\ UT xi jx If. apart from the taxes referred 

 to in the' preceding article, the occupying power 

 levies other contributions in money in the occu- 

 pied territory, it shall only be for the needs of 

 the army or'for the administration of this terri- 

 tory. 



" \KT. I,. No collective penalty, pecuniary or 

 other shall be proclaimed against the popula- 

 tions by reason of individual acts of which they 

 could not be considered responsible in the mass. 



" AUT. LI. No contribution shall be collected 

 except in virtue of a written order and under 

 the responsibility of a general in chief. 



"This collection shall only be proceeded with, 

 a-* far as possible, according to the rules of the 

 assessment and apportionment of the taxes in 



" For every contribution a receipt shall be de- 

 livered to the eontributories. 



"ART. LII. Requisitions in kind and of serv- 

 ices shall only be demanded of communes or of 

 inhabitants for the needs of the army of occupa- 

 tion. They shall be in accordance with the re- 

 sources of the country, and of such a nature as 

 not to imply on the part of the populations the 

 obligation to take part in the operations of the 

 war against their country. 



" These requisitions and these services shall 

 only lie demanded with the authorization of the 

 commandant in the occupied locality. 



" Levies in kind shall, as far as possible, be 



rid for in cash; if not, they shall be certified 

 receipts. 



'"ART. LI 1 1. The army which occupies a ter- 

 ritory shall only seize the specie, the funds, and 

 the realizable securities belonging to the state 

 in its own right, the depots of arms, means of 

 transport, magazines, and victualing, and, in gen- 

 eral, all movable property of the state of such 

 a kind as to subserve the operations of war. 



" The plant of railways, land telegraphs (in- 

 cluding cables at the landing points), telephones, 

 steamships and other vessels, apart from cases 

 governed bv maritime law, as well as depots 

 of arms and. in general, every kind of munitions 

 of war. even l>elonging to companies or private 

 persons, are equally means of a kind to subserve 

 . the operations of war; but they ought to be 

 given back and the indemnities for their use 

 shall be adjusted at the conclusion of peace. 



" ART. LIV. The plant of railways coming 

 from neutral states, which belongs to those states 

 or to companies or private persons, shall be sent 

 back to them as soon as possible. 



" ART. LV. The occupying state shall con- 

 sider itself only as the administrator and usu- 

 fructuary of public buildings, landed property, for- 

 est, and* agricultural estates belonging to the 

 hostile state and situate in the occupied country, 

 t shall be bound to safeguard the substance of 

 these properties and to administer them in con- 

 formity with the rules of usufruct. 



" ART. LVI. The property of local bodies, that 



of establishments devoted to worship, to charity, 

 and to teaching, to the arts and sciences, even 

 when belonging to the state, shall be treated as 

 private property. 



" Every intentional seizure, destruction, or 

 degradation of establishments of this kind, of 

 historic monuments, of works of art and science, 

 is forbidden and ought to be prosecuted. 



"SECTION IV. OF BELLIGERENTS CONFINED 

 AND WOUNDED CARED FOR AMONG NEU- 

 TRALS. 



" ART. LVII. The neutral state which receives 

 on its territory troops belonging to the belligerent 

 armies shall confine them, as far as possible, at 

 a distance from the theater of war. 



" It shall keep them in camps, and even shut 

 tliem up in fortresses or in places appropriated 

 to this object. 



" It shall decide if the officers can be set free 

 while giving their parole not to leave the neu- 

 tral territory without permission. 



'' ART. LVIII. In default of special conven- 

 tion, the neutral state shall furnish to the con- 

 fined persons the victuals, clothes, and relief en- 

 joined by humanity. 



" Allowance shall be made, when peace is re- 

 stored, for the expenses occasioned by their con- 

 finement. 



" ART. LIX. The neutral state shall authorize 

 the passage on its territory of wounded or sick 

 persons belonging to the belligerent armies, under 

 the stipulation that the trains bringing them shall 

 not carry either men or equipment of war. In 

 like case the neutral state is bound to take the 

 measures of safety and control necessary to se- 

 cure this object. 



" The wounded or sick persons who are brought 

 under these conditions on to the neutral terri- 

 tory by one of the belligerents, and who belong 

 to the opposing side, shall be kept by the neutral 

 state in such a manner that they shall not be 

 able to take part afresh in the operations of war. 

 The neutral state shall have the same duties as 

 regards the wounded or sick persons of the other 

 army who may be intrusted to it. 



" ART. LX. The Geneva convention applies to 

 sick and wounded persons confined on neutral 

 territory." 



The convention extending the provisions of the 

 Geneva convention of 1864 to naval warfare was, 

 like the convention given above amending and 

 supplementing the Brussels declaration of 1874, 

 the task of a subcommission, which adopted with 

 few alterations a scheme submitted by Prof. Louis 

 Renault, the French member. The draft conven- 

 tion adopted at Geneva in 1868 provided in sub- 

 stance that hospital ships, merchantmen with 

 wounded on board, and boats picking up wounded 

 and wrecked men shall be neutral; that they 

 should carry the Red Cross flag and their crews 

 the Red Cross armlet ; that hospital ships belong- 

 ing to a government should be painted white 

 with a green streak, and those of aid* societies 

 white with a red streak; and that in naval war- 

 fare if any strong presumption arises that the 

 convention was being abused for belligerent pur- 

 poses the power having presumptive evidence of 

 such abuse would have the right to suspend the 

 convention toward the suspected power until the 

 contrary is proved, and if the presumption be- 

 comes a certainty of suspending it till the end 

 of the war. These provisions, with the exception 

 of the last, were incorporated in the convention 

 contained in the final act of the conference. Hos- 

 pital ships were divided into three classes: 1. 



