OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (FEUIN GEEENBANK.) 



661 



could only attach to itself a definite number of 

 the atoms of other elements, which led to the 

 doctrine of atomicity or equivalence of the ele- 

 ments. He was appointed Professor of Chemistry 

 in Owens College, Manchester, in 1851, and there 

 began to devote himself to applied chemistry. He 

 investigated the gases manufactured from dif- 

 ferent kinds of coal, and incidentally invented a 

 gas burner with two concentric chimneys. He 

 also developed the process for making water gas. 

 Becoming Professor of Chemistry in the Royal 

 School of Mines in 1865, he made monthly anal- 

 yses of the water consumed in the metropolis, 

 elaborating new processes for the accurate detec- 

 tion of pollution by sewage or animal matters, in 

 which he was helped by H. E. Armstrong. When 

 he was appointed on the commission to report on 

 the pollution of rivers in 1808 he went to work 

 in an improved laboratory, and during six years 

 he investigated waters from different geological 

 strata, the water of lakes, wells, and rivers, the 

 purification of polluted water, the propagation of 

 disease by drinking water, the healthfulness of 

 hard water, the deterioration of water in mains 

 and pipes, the purification of sewage, and the 

 means of preventing the pollution of rivers by 

 factory refuse. Frankland proved experimentally 

 that compressed gases are capable of giving out 

 a flame as brilliant, with a spectrum as con- 

 stant, as ignited solid or liquid matter, and from 

 his experiments he was convinced that the sun 

 is not solid or liquid, that the photosphere at 

 least consists of vapor. These experiments grew 

 out of observations on the rate of combustion of 

 candles in the rarefied air at the summit of Mont 

 Blanc when he passed a night there with Tyndall 

 in August, 1859. With Fick and Wislicenus he 

 made experiments to determine the origin of mus- 

 cular power by calculating the muscular oxida- 

 tion and measuring the amount of nitrogen ex- 

 pelled from the body before, during, and after an 

 ascent of the Faulhorn, no nitrogenous food be- 

 ing taken during the experiment. He concluded 

 that the transformation of muscle supplies only 

 a small fraction of the energy, the larger pro- 

 portion being evolved by the oxidation of non- 

 nitrogenous substances, such as fat. 



Fruin, Robert, Dutch historian, born in 1824; 

 died in Leyden, Jan. 29, 1899. His researches in 

 archives gave him a great fund of original knowl- 

 edge, and his penetrating judgment and spirit of 

 impartiality placed him at the head of modern 

 investigators of Dutch history, of which he was 

 professor at Leyden from 1860 till 1894. He 

 wrote a work covering ten years of the Dutch 

 struggle for independence, and many historical 

 essays. 



George Alexandrovich, Czarevich of Russia, 

 born in Tsarskoe Selo, May 9, 1871 ; died in Abbas 

 Tuman, in the Caucasus, July 10, 1899. The 

 Grand Duke George was three years younger than 

 his brother, the reigning Czar, whom he accom- 

 panied on a voyage round the world in 1890. 

 During this voyage the symptoms of pulmonary 

 consumption were observed, and, being affected 

 by Indian fever also at Bombay, he returned home 

 a confirmed invalid. The heir apparent after his 

 death is the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, 

 born Dec. 4, 1878. 



Gould, James Nutcombe, English actor, born 

 in Devonshire in 1849; died .in Lustleigh, Oct. 10, 

 1H99. He was the son of a clergyman, and was 

 educated at King's College, London. He began 

 as an actor in Shakespearean comedy in 1884, 

 and traveled three years, playing many Shakes- 

 pearean parts with marked success. When Beer- 

 bohm Tree produced The Red Lamp in Lon- 



don, in 1887, Mr. Could played Rhoinveck during 

 the entire run. After touring with tin; companies 

 of Helen Harry and iVn (iroct, h<- returned to 

 London, where IK; played Ro^,. r Willoiighby in 

 The Power of Love, March (>, 1HSH, and on Oct. 17 

 was the Lord PeterHlidd in A Patron Saint and 

 Lord Sakmundham in Brantingharne Hall, Nov. 

 29. During 1889 he vva.s Lord Saltanh in A 

 Panel Picture, Prince MaleoUi in Forget me- Not, 

 Mr. Crossley in Doubt, Mr. Basing in Her Own 

 Witness, Lambert Streyke in the revival of The 

 Colonel, and Rev. Mr. Bream in Man and the 

 Woman. When George Alexander organi/od his 

 company to occupy The Avenue Theater in the 

 spring of 1890, Mr. Gould, who had become one 

 of the favorite representatives of dignified modern 

 character, was engaged, and he played first in 

 that house in Fool's Mate, Feb. 1, 1890. He was 

 Mr. Wriothesley in Miss Cinderella, Jacquemin 

 in The Grandsire, Vaillant in The Struggle for 

 Life, and Dr. Latimer in Sunlight and Shadow. 

 He played at The Haymarket in Comedy and 

 Tragedy in the interim, and as Jaques in As You 

 Like It to the Rosalind of Mrs. Patrick Camp- 

 bell. When Lady Windermere's Fan was pro- 

 duced, Feb. 20, 1892, he was Lord Darlington, 

 and Mr. Pedrick in Liberty Hall. In The Second 

 Mrs. Tanqueray he was "Frank Misquith, Q. C. 

 At the Haymarket, in 1894, he was Earl of Wau- 

 borough in The Charlatan, Diomede in Once 

 Upon a Time, Viscount Mount Sovvell in A Bunch 

 of Violets, and the Rev. Stephen Wynne in John- 

 a-Dreams. In the fine production of Romeo and 

 Juliet made by Forbes-Robertson in 1895 he was 

 Friar Laurence. He also played in revivals of 

 Much Ado about Nothing and Fedora. 



Grant, Baron Albert, English promoter, born 

 in Dublin in 1830; died there, Aug. 30, 1899. He 

 was of Hebrew extraction, and after attending 

 school in London and Paris began as a wine mer- 

 chant, became a money lender, changed his name 

 from Gottheimer to Grant, founded an invest- 

 ment company in 1865, and operated on an enor- 

 mous scale in Erie shares, in worthless Nevada 

 mines, in the Emma mine bubble, in visionary 

 English mines, in Honduras and Paraguay gov- 

 ernment loans, in all sorts of speculative proper- 

 ties. He gave Leicester Square to London, con- 

 tributed to the gallery at Milan, thus winning 

 his title, made other lavish gifts, built himself a 

 costly palace, represented Kidderminster in Par- 

 liament, and in 1885 went into bankruptcy. 



Graves, Charles, Anglican prelate, born in 

 Dublin, Ireland, Nov. 6, 1812; died there, July 17, 

 1899. He was educated at Trinity College, Dub- 

 lin, where he became a fellow and was Professor 

 of Mathematics, 1843-'62. He was president of 

 the Royal Irish Academy in 1861-'65, and was 

 also a fellow of the Royal Society. From 1860 

 to 1866 he was chaplain to the Lord Lieutenant, 

 and was dean of Clonfert, 1864-'66. In the latter 

 year he was consecrated Bishop of Limerick, Ard- 

 fert, and Aghadoe. He was a brother-in-law of 

 Von Ranke, the German historian. 



Greenbank, Henry Hewetson, English dram- 

 atist, born in London in 1866; died there, Feb. 

 26, 1899. He first became known as a play writer 

 on the production of his comedy called The Di- 

 rector at Terry's Theater, London. May 7, 1891. 

 This first effort was not successful, but was fol- 

 lowed by an operetta called Captain Billy, Sept. 

 24, with success. Oct. 6, 1892, Incognito, adapted 

 from Le Coeur et la Main of Charles Lecocq by 

 Burnand, with lyrics by Greenbank, was pro- 

 duced and had fair success. Beef Tea, an amus- 

 ing one-act operetta, was produced Oct. 27, and 

 was well received. He was thenceforward the 



