PERU. 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



693 



total, 3,157 officers and men. The gendarmery 

 lumbers about 2,500 men. 



Commerce and Production. The staple pred- 

 icts of agriculture are cotton, coffee, and sugar. 

 ?he export of cotton in 1897 was 5,586 tons; of 

 )fl'ee, 1,239 tons. The production of sugar was 

 105,000 tons; of rice, 4,222 tons. Of cocaine 4,206 

 alogrammes and of coca leaves 493,679 kilo- 

 i-mmes were exported, valued together at 1,173,- 

 soles. Indian corn is the common food crop. 

 here are 187,000 acres of sugar lands along 

 i coast, of which 95,000 were planted in 1897. 

 the public lands transferred to the Peruvian 

 Corporation, 5,000,000 acres in extent and largely 

 lovered with forest, colonies have been established 

 for the cultivation of coffee. Coca is cultivated 

 Otuzco province, where there are 2,700,000 coca 

 rees. Tobacco and cocoa are other cultivated 

 >roducts, and the forests yield rubber, dyes, cin- 

 chona, and other medicinal plants. There are 

 valuable guano deposits on the islands off the 

 >ast, which were seized by Chili after the war 

 jtween the two republics, but have been given 

 ip to the Peruvian Corporation. Gold is found 

 nearly every province, and large quantities 

 ive been mined, but now the industry is chiefly 

 confined to washings by the natives. The silver 

 mines at Cerro de Pasco, Caylloma, Castrovireina, 

 and Recuay are still productive. The value of 

 the silver exported in 1897 was 4,580,000 soles; 

 of silver sulphides, 3,500,000 soles; of various 

 ores, 2,250,000 soles. The exports of gold, copper, 

 and lead were 700,000 soles. Other mineral prod- 

 ucts are zinc, quicksilver, salt, and sulphur. Coal 

 and petroleum are found also. 



The total value of imports in 1897 was 18,004,- 

 048 soles; of exports, 31,025,382 soles. The greater 

 part of the trade is with Great Britain and Ger- 

 many. Sheep and alpaca wool of the value of 

 300,759 was imported into Great Britain from 

 Peru in 1897; also sugar of the value of 425,661, 

 raw cotton of the value of 157,213, and copper 

 and copper ore of the value of 105,790. The 

 principal articles of import are cotton goods, 

 woolens, iron goods, and machinery. 



The values in soles of imports from and exports 

 to different countries and the port of Iquitos in 

 1897 were reported as follow: 



Navigation. There were 492 vessels, of 600,- 

 049 tons, entered at the port of Callao in 1897, 

 and 503 vessels, of 618,677 tons, cleared, exclusive 

 of vessels under 50 tons, of which 889, of 10,966 

 tons, were entered. At Trujillo the number en- 

 tered of vessels above 50 tons was 284, of 446,520 

 tons. 



The merchant marine consisted in 1896 of 36 

 vessels over 50 tons, having a tonnage of 9,953 

 tons, and 96 smaller vessels, of 1.246 tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The 

 railroads have a total length of 924 miles, of 

 which 800 miles belong to the Government and 

 are being operated and extended by the Peruvian 



Corporation. The cost of the railroads, including 

 those built on the territory ceded to Chili, was 

 $180,000,000. The Government telegraphs have a 

 total length of 1,400 miles, and those of the 

 Peruvian Corporation a length of 533 miles. The 

 number of dispatches in 1897 was 121,492. There 

 are 2,300 miles of telephone wire. 



The post office in 1897 forwarded 12,760,771 

 pieces of mail matter. The revenue was 259,478 

 soles; expenditure, 261,360 soles. 



Politics. In the election which took place in 

 May, 1899, Eduardo L. de Roinaiia was elected 

 President of the republic. Dr. Isaac Alzamora 

 was elected first and Federico Bresani second 

 Vice-President. A revolutionary movement was 

 started by Col. Vizcarra, in consequence of which 

 the Government closed temporarily the port of 

 Iquitos. The insurrection was suppressed with- 

 out difficulty, as it did not spread into other 

 provinces. The Congress was opened by the re- 

 tiring President on July 28. The budget for 1900 

 showed ample revenue to cover expenditure. Peru 

 accepted the Washington postal convention. At 

 the close of an exciting session on Aug. 14 the 

 returns of the presidential election were approved. 

 President Romana was installed on Sept. 8. He 

 appointed the following Cabinet : Minister of For- 

 eign Affairs, Dr. Manuel Maria Galvez; Minister 

 of Justice, Dr. Elodoro Romero; Minister of the 

 Interior, Col. Domingo J. Parra; Minister of 

 War, Capt. Camillo N. Carillo; Minister of Fi- 

 nance, Mariano A. Belaunde; Minister of Public 

 Works, Dr. Carlos Basadre Forero. 



PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, an archipelago in 

 the Pacific Ocean, formerly a colony of Spain, 

 ceded to the United States by the treaty of peace 

 signed at Paris on Dec. 10, 1898. 



Area and Population. The land area is esti- 

 mated variously between 115,000 and 140,000 

 square miles ; the total population between 8,000,- 

 000 and 10,000,000. A partial enumeration in 

 1887 gave 3,029,423 males and 2,955,701 females, 

 not including 1,000,000 or more unsubjugated na- 

 tives. There are over 1,400 islands, including a 

 great number of bare volcanic rocks. They ex- 

 tend from 5 to 21 of north latitude. The tem- 

 perature ranges between 61 and 97 F. Luzon, 

 the largest island, contains about 44,400 square 

 miles; Mindanao, which is much less thickly peo- 

 pled, 34,000; Samar, 4,800; Panay, 4,700; Min- 

 doro, 4,000; Leyte, 3,800; Negros, 3,300; Cebu, 

 2,400. The Spaniards, who have been in posses- 

 sion since 1565, have imposed their religion and 

 laws upon the people. There are more than 30 

 distinct races and languages. The bulk of the 

 people belong to the Malay stock, which has 

 largely displaced the Negrito aborigines. Chinese 

 and Japanese traders and settlers have from early 

 times infused their blood into that of the native 

 races in the districts where they have resided. 

 There is also some admixture of Spanish blood. 

 The Spanish planters, merchants, and priests 

 number altogether about 8,000; Chinese colonists 

 perhaps 70,000. Some parts of the islands, still 

 inhabited by semisavage tribes, have never been 

 explored. The population of Manila, the capital 

 and chief seaport, is about 250,000. Lipa had 

 43,408 in 1887; Bauang, 35,598; Batangas, 35,587 ; 

 Laoang, 30,642. 



Finances. The official Spanish figures for the 

 revenue in 1897 made the total receipts $17,474,- 

 120, of which $8,496,170 came from direct taxa- 

 tion, $6.200,550 from customs, $1,222,000 from 

 monopolies, opium, etc., $1,000,000 from lotteries, 

 $257,100 from rent of Government property, and 

 $298,300 from various sources. The total expendi- 

 ture was given as $17,293,889, of which $3,566,528 



