PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 



onlv island to which a considerable force of Tagal 

 soldiers had been sent. In Samar, Leyte, and 

 Masbate the Tagal invaders were few, and 

 were disliked by the Visayan natives, whom they 

 had oppressed. In Bohol, Mindoro, the Calamia- 

 nes Islands, and Palawan the Americans were 

 invited and welcomed by the native population 

 In Cebu and Negros it was only the lawless and 

 barbarous mountain brigands who had been ac- 

 customed to plunder the plantations that entered 

 into an alliance with the Tagal revolutionists. 

 The small islands of Sibutu and Cagayan, near 

 the coast of Borneo, were seized by order of Kear- 

 Admiral Watson without objection from the au- 

 thorities of British North Borneo. 



Gen. Otis issued an order forbidding further 

 Chinese immigration into the Philippines. Against 

 this the Chinese minister in Washington emphat- 

 ically protested. The Filipinos were opposed to 

 the competition of Chinese laborers, who were 

 coming in unusual numbers. The insurgents had 

 a 6-inch Krupp gun mounted at Olongapo, in 

 Subig Bay, and with their remarkably accurate 

 firing they beat off an attack by the cruiser 

 Charleston. On Sept. 24 the town was bombarded 

 and burned by four ships, and a landing party 

 destroyed the gun. The insurgent forces from 

 Porac made an attempt to drive the Americans 

 from Angeles with the aid of their artillery. On 

 Sept. 28 a general advance on Porac was made 

 by Gen. Wheeler from Santa Rita and Gen. Whea- 

 ton from Angeles, Gen. MacArthur commanding 

 the entire operation. The insurgents, though 

 strongly intrenched, made a poor defense, the 

 movement of the American troops having been 

 skillfully masked. 



At the beginning of the new campaign Agui- 

 naldo released 14 American prisoners that he 

 held, and also the civilians and the sick soldiers 

 among the Spanish prisoners. A Spanish com- 

 mission went to Aguinaldo's headquarters for a 

 conference regarding the release of all the Spanish 

 prisoners. Another Filipino commission went to 

 Manila with tentative proposals for peace, on 

 the condition of independence under American 

 protection. The Filipino Congress was now anx- 

 ious for peace. Mabini, the irreconcilable head 

 of Aguinaldo's Cabinet, was replaced by Paterno, 

 the former mediator between Aguinaldo and the 

 Spanish Government. Aguinaldo, however, still 

 looked to the anti-imperial party in America to 

 help him realize his ambition, and thus the com- 

 missioners came instructed to demand national 

 independence. The American commissioners as- 

 sured the delegates of as ample liberties as were 

 consistent with the ends of government, subject 

 to the recognition of American sovereignty. Gen. 

 Otis declined to receive any proposition but that 

 of the grounding of arms. The recognition of 

 the revolutionary Government was out of the 

 question. In the early days of October the in- 

 surgent forces in the south delivered vigorous 

 attacks upon Imus and Calamba with the aid 

 of artillery. A column under Gen. Theodore 

 Schwan began operations in Cavite province, cap- 

 turing Novaleta with the help of the marines, and 

 Old Cavite, San Francisco, and other places. 

 During the whole campaign, from Jan. 1 to Nov. 

 1, 1899, the losses of the American army of about 

 30,000 men were 477 killed in battle and mor- 

 tally wounded and 366 dead from disease, mak- 

 ing the total deaths 843. When the rainy season 

 came on the sick list rose to 12 per cent. The 

 annual death rate was only 17.2 per 1,000. The 

 number of Filipinos killed, incapacitated, or cap- 

 tured during the campaign was estimated at 

 10,000. Of the volunteers in the Philippines, 



about 2,500, a sixth of the total number,' re- 

 enlisted, and with newly enlisted men were or- 

 ganized into a brigade. Ten new regiment- <.t 

 1,000 men were enlisted in the United States for 

 service in the Philippines. The force in the Philip- 

 pines in November numbered 905 officers and 

 30,578 men. 



The additional troops that had arrived during 

 the rainy season made the army strong enough 

 to hold important towns that were captured and 

 still leave large forces for field operation- 

 northward advance by Gen. Lawton and (Jen. 

 MacArthur was begun also. On Nov. 12 the 

 American troops, which had reached Bamban, ad- 

 vanced upon Tarlac, passing through Capas, Mur- 

 cia, Tayug, and San Quentin. Only small bodies 

 of insurgents were encountered, and in the even- 

 ing Col. Bell's force entered the deserted n -U'l 

 'capital. Aguinaldo had fled to Bayombong, where 

 he hoped to establish the semblance of a govern- 

 ment. The men of wealth and influence who 

 supported the cause had fallen away. The in -ur- 

 gent army was broken up. A force of 1,200 at- 

 tempted to make a stand at San Jacinto, and 

 was routed by the Thirty-third Volunteers, though 

 Major John A. Ix>gan and men were killed. All 

 the lowlands, the populous, rice-growing country, 

 whence the food supplies and the men were ob- 

 tained for the revolutionary army, the Tnited 

 States forces occupied completely, with the e.\ -ep- 

 tion of the districts south and east of Manila. 

 where the insurgents were busy once more. In 

 the valley of the Cagayan, the tobacco growing 

 region, A*guinaldo had little support, and <>u tin' 

 mountains on either side his troops could tind 

 refuge, but scarcely any food supplies. The col- 

 umns of Gen. Lawton and Gen. Wheat on at- 

 tempted to catch Aguinaldo, but he eluded pur- 

 suit. The Treasurer and Secretary of the Interior 

 of the revolutionary Government and tin- pn-si- 

 dent of the Filipino Congress were raptured or 

 gave themselves up. The generals and their troop* 

 in small bands scattered through the pmvinee* 

 to act as banditti or concealed their aim- and 

 assumed the role of amiffo*. The Tagals on the 

 island of Panay, numbering about 2.0on. renewed 

 their activity just before the flight of Aguinaldo. 

 but the outbreak was quickly suppressed. The 

 Visayans who inhabit the island were friendly 

 to Americans. The scattered bodies of insurgent* 

 in northern Luzon, the broken remnant > of Agui- 

 naldo's army, were hunted down by the A run n-an 

 columns. Gen. Lawton's troops captured money 

 and deserted Spanish prisoners near Tayng on 

 Nov. 25. Gen. Wheaton's troops scattered a force 

 near Dagupan, capturing cannon and ammunition 

 and recovering Spanish and American prisoner-;. 

 Over 50 pieces of artillery were captured within 

 three weeks. On Nov. 20 the rump of the Philip- 

 pine regular army, commanded by (Jen. San 

 Miguel and Gen. Alexandrine, was surprised by 

 Col. Bell's force in the mountains south of Lin- 

 gayen. The Americans routed the enemy and 

 captured all the stores and artillery, including 

 rifles of various patterns, Nordenfetdt. Krupp. 

 Maxim, and Hotchidss guns, and a great quantity 

 of ammunition in an arsenal and powder mills. 

 which were destroyed. Aguinaldo with about 

 1,000 men fled before Gen. Young's column to 

 Bangued, a mountain town in the west. Bayom- 

 bong was occupied on Nov. 28. Major Peyton C. 

 March with 300 men followed a trail taken by 

 Aguinaldo over the mountains, and in Tilad pass 

 came upon barricades which were defended by 

 Gen. Gregorio del Pilar and 60 men of Aguinaldo's 

 bodyguard until all but 8 were killed or wounded: 

 The ports of Subig Bay, Cavite, and Aparri \\eiv 



