PORTUGAL. 



725 



recettes d'ordre. Of the ordinary expenditure the 

 civil list, the Cortes, etc., absorb 9,755,918 mil- 

 reis; the consolidated debt, 18,124,354 milreis; loss 

 on exchange, 500,000 milreis; the Ministry of Fi- 

 nance, 3,702,007 milreis; the Ministry of the 

 Interior, 2,400,594 milreis; the Ministry of Jus- 

 tice, 1,002,578 milreis; the Ministry of War, 

 5,973,128 milreis; the Ministry of Marine and 

 Colonies, 4,272,054 milreis; the Ministry of For- 

 eign Affairs, 346,097 milreis; the Ministry of 

 Public Works, 5,460,990 milreis; deposits, 69,337 

 milreis. 



The foreign debt outstanding on Jan. 1, 1898, 

 amounted to 62,106,508, of which 38,504,551 

 represent consolidated 3-per-cent. debt, 1,817,- 

 009 redeemable 4-per-cent. and 12,760,348 re- 

 deemable 4^-per-cent. debt, and 9,024,600 a loan 

 secured on the tobacco monopoly. There were 

 58,761,423 of 3-per-cent. internal debt largely 

 held abroad, making a total of 120,867,931, be- 

 sides which internal loans at 4 and 4 per cent, 

 amounted to 6,158,204. The Government held 

 30,068,949 of various issues, which amount is 

 excluded from the above statement. The float- 

 ing debt amounted to 58,576,400 milreis. In 1892 

 the interest on the foreign debt was reduced 66 

 per cent., and that on internal loans 30 per cent. 



The Army and Navy. The army is recruited 

 partly by voluntary enlistment and partly by 

 conscription. It consists of 24 regiments of in- 

 fantry, 12 of rifles, 10 of cavalry, 3 of field artil- 

 lery, 1 of mountain artillery, 2 regiments and 4 

 companies of fortress artillery, 1 regiment of 

 engineers, and administrative and sanitary corps. 

 The peace effective is 35,337 men, with 4,892 

 horses; the war effective 160,000 men, with 18,000 

 horses and 276 guns. The colonial forces, which 

 are not included in the above statement, have 

 a total strength of 9,478 men, mostly natives. 



The Portuguese navy comprises the old iron- 

 clad Vasco de Gama, the Sflo Gabriel, and Sao 

 Raphael, 2 cruisers built in France in 1898, and 

 4 older third-class cruisers; the protected cruiser 

 Adamastor, of 1,933 tons, recently built in Italy; 

 the Dom Carlos I, of 4,100 tons, just completed in 

 England; the Rainha Amelia, 2 other protected 

 cruisers of 1,800 tons, 2 gunboats, and 2 coast- 

 defense vessels built or building in Portugal. The 

 Dom Carlos I has an armored deck 4 inches thick, 

 an armament of 4 6-inch, 8 4.7-inch, 12 3-pounder, 

 and 6 smaller quick-firing guns. There are 16 

 seagoing and 10 river gunboats and 15 first-class 

 and 30 other torpedo boats. 



Commerce and Production. Of the total 

 area of Portugal 45.8 per cent, is waste land, a 

 large proportion of which might be cultivated. 

 Vineyards occupy 2.2 per cent, of the area of the 

 country, orchards 7.2 per cent., 12.5 per cent, is 

 under grain crops, 2.7 per cent, under other crops, 

 26.7 per cent, pasture and fallow, and 2.9 per 

 cent, is covered with forests. In northern Portu- 

 gal, where corn and cattle are produced, the land 

 is divided into small farms, either owned by the 

 cultivators or under their complete control, sub- 

 ject only to a fixed ground rent. In the central 

 and southern parts the land is generally culti- 

 vated by tenants or farmed on shares. Rye is 

 grown in the mountainous parts, where sheep and 

 goats find pasturage, and in the lowlands wheat 

 is the chief crop, while in the great oak forests 

 of the south hogs fatten on the mast. Wine is 

 made everywhere, and in increasing quantities. 

 Olive oil is one of the important products. Figs, 

 oranges, and bananas are the principal fruits. 

 Tomatoes are grown extensively, and onions and 

 potatoes are important vegetable crops. The ores 

 of Portugal would be valuable if coal were plenti- 



ful. The mineral products include copper precipi- 

 tate, copper ore, sulphur, lead ore, anthracite, lig- 

 nite, antimony ore, manganese ore, arsenic ore, 

 gold, silver, wolfram, and tin. of tho total value 

 in 1897 of 1,439,499 milreis. Tho fishery products 

 include sardines and tunny, which are preserved 

 and exported. 



The total value of imports in 1897 was 40,683,- 

 097 milreis, and of exports 29,515,296 milreis. 

 The special imports of live animals amounted to 

 2,667,877 milreis, and domestic exports to 3,400,- 

 695 milreis; imports of food stuffs to 13,250,085 

 milreis, and exports to 15,196,794 milreis; imports 

 of textiles to 4,924,222 milreis, and exports to 

 1,628,836 milreis; imports of machinery to 84,491 

 milreis, and exports to 77,439 milreis; imports of 

 various manufactures to 2,874,646 milreis, and 

 exports to 1,634,471 milreis; imports of raw ma- 

 terials to 14,757,938 milreis, and exports to 5,381,- 

 034 milreis; imports of coin and bullion to 357,- 

 160 milreis, and exports to 2,196,027 milreis. The 

 importation of wheat for consumption was 5,367,- 

 620 milreis in Value; of raw cotton, 2,840,179 mil- 

 reis; of codfish, 2,307,745 milreis; of cotton goods 

 and yarn, 2,104,194 milreis; of sugar, 1,906,727 

 milreis; of coal, 1,808,065 milreis; of iron, 1,351,- 

 470 milreis; of wool, 1,170,622 milreis; of leather 

 and hides, 1,020,761 milreis; of woolen goods and 

 yarn, 839,247 milreis; of cattle, 767,369 milreis; 

 of coffee, 674,697 milreis; of leaf tobacco, 394,611 

 milreis. The wine exports amounted to 10,289,- 

 232 milreis, consisting of 2,417,360 litres of Ma- 

 deira, 28,099,230 of port, 267,150 of liqueur wine, 

 and 47,372,230 of ordinary wine. The export of 

 cork was 3,567,898 milreis in value; of sardines, 

 1,319,029 milreis; of cotton goods, 1,254,982 mil- 

 reis; of cattle, 903,858 milreis; of copper ore, 782,- 

 687 milreis; of horses, 447,207 milreis; of tunny, 

 297,344 milreis; of figs, 246,045 milreis; of eggs, 

 231,115 milreis; of bananas, 205,090 milreis; of 

 onions, 201,872 milreis. 



Navigation. The number of vessels engaged 

 in foreign commerce entered at the ports of Por- 

 tugal during 1897 was 6,107, of 7,910,128 tons, of 

 which 4,119, of 5,507,784 tons, were with cargoes; 

 cleared, 6,139, of 7,896,639 tons, of which 4,827, of 

 6,282,110 tons, carried cargoes. 



The merchant navy on Jan. 1, 1898, consisted 

 of 286 vessels, of 77,835 tons, of which 47, of 35,- 

 583 tons, were steamers. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The 

 length of railroads in 1897 was 1,464 miles, of 

 which the Government owned 507 miles. The 

 net receipts were 3,215,379 milreis, from 9,599,117 

 passengers and 1,935,742 tons of freight. 



The post office forwarded 51,891,818 internal 

 and 9,258,335 international letters, newspapers, 

 circulars, etc., in 1897. The telegraph lines had a 

 total length of 4,584 miles, with 9,475 miles of 

 wire, on Jan. 1, 1898. The number of messages 

 in 1897 was 1,272,042 in the internal and 1,065,309 

 in the international service. 



Political Affairs. In opening the Cortes on 

 Jan. 2, 1899, the King said that it was not suf- 

 ficient to preserve the colonial domain in its in- 

 tegrity as the sacred heritage of the nation; it 

 must also be turned to account and developed 

 as the solid basis of Portugal's economic regen- 

 eration. Bills were submitted to the Cortes for 

 the reorganization and development of the colo- 

 nies. These have cost Portugal 67,500,000 mil- 

 reis since 1870. England, Germany, and Portugal 

 made an agreement in the latter part of 1898 

 whereby England and Germany agreed mutually 

 and promised Portugal to respect, and Portugal 

 promised not to alienate, the Portuguese African 

 possessions for a certain period. Assurances were 



