754 



ROUMANIA. 



ing of 183 members elected for four years by all 

 the taxpayers, divided into three classes. The 

 reigning King is Carol I, born April 20, 1831), a 

 son of Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 

 elected Domn of Roumania in 1800 after the 

 abdication of Prince Alexander Cuza. Roumania 

 was proclaimed a kingdom on March 20. 1881. 

 The Cabinet at the beginning of 1899, constituted 

 on April 12, 1897, was composed as follows: 

 President of the Council and Minister of Foreign 

 Affairs, Demeter Sturdza; Minister of the Inte- 

 rior, M. Pherekyde; Minister of Agriculture, In- 

 dustry, Commerce, and Domains, A. Stolojian; 

 Minister of Finance, G. D. Pallade. who succeeded 

 G. M. Cantacuzene in 1898; Minister of War, Gen. 

 A. Berendei'; Minister of Public Instruction and 

 Worship, Spiro Haret; Minister of Justice, C. J. 

 Stoicesco, succeeding in 1898 Alexander G. Dju-. 

 vara ; Minister of Public Works, I. I. C. Bratiano. 



Area and Population. The area of the king- 

 dom is 48,307 square miles, with a population 

 in 1894 of 5,417,249. Bucharest, the capital, had 

 232,009 inhabitants. The number of marriages in 

 1898 was 43,011; of births, 214.980; of deaths, 

 155.417 ; excess of births, 59,503. 



jfinanees. In 1898 the revenue was 210,591,- 

 020 lei or francs, and the expenditure 217,335.480 

 lei. For 1899 the revenue was estimated at 222,- 

 095,000 lei, and expenditure at the same figure. 

 For 1900 the revenue is estimated at 228.370,000 

 lei, and the expenditure at 228,375,000 lei. Of 

 the revenue for 1900 direct taxes are expected to 

 produce 34,110,000 lei; indirect taxes, 70.290,000 

 lei; state monopolies, 53,905,000 lei; the Ministry 

 of Agriculture, 24,718,000 lei; the Ministry of 

 Public Works, 10,492,000 lei; the Ministry of the 

 Interior, 11,107,000 lei; the Ministry of Finance, 

 4,590,000 lei; the Ministry of War, 803,000 lei; 

 the Ministry of Instruction and Worship, 229.000 

 lei; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 230.000 lei; 

 the Ministry of Justice, 380,000 lei ; other sources, 

 11,450,000 lei. Of the expenditures for 1900, the 

 public debt absorbs 85,757,480 lei; expenses of 

 the Council of Ministers, 71,300 lei; the Ministry 

 of War, 45,930,325 lei; the Ministry of Finance, 

 27,421,107 lei; the Ministry of Instruction and 

 Worship, 28,308,709 lei; the Ministry of the Inte- 

 rior, 18,507,405 lei; the Ministry of Public Works. 

 5,082,070 lei; the Ministry of Justice, 0,072.070 

 lei; the Ministry of Agriculture, 6,939,490 lei; the 

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1,796,000 lei; supple- 

 mentary credits, 1,227,058 lei. The budget for 

 1900 makes the revenue 228,805,000 lei and the 

 expenditure the same, including 1,287,118 lei for 

 extraordinary and supplementary credits. 



The public debt in 1898 amounted to 1,224,849,- 

 525 lei, more than half of which was contracted 

 for railroad construction, and the rest to purchase 

 lands for emancipated serfs and to cover deficits. 

 On April 1, 1899, the debt stood at 1,294.673,029 

 lei, requiring the annual payment of 76,289,134 lei. 



The Army and Navy. The army is formed 

 of 34 regiments of infantry, 6 battalions of rifles, 

 G regiments of hussars, 11 of light cavalry, 12 

 regiments of field artillery, 2 regiments of "siege 

 artillery, 2 regiments of engineers, 5 companies 

 of artificers, 4 squadrons of train, a hospital corps, 

 and 2 companies and 4 squadrons of gendarmes. 

 The peace strength is 3,478 officers, 448 civil em- 

 ployees, and 50,489 rank and file, with 12,675 

 horses and 390 field guns. The territorial army, 

 in which all able-bodied Roumanians are enrolled 

 who are not drawn for service in the standing 

 army, has a strength of 75,000 men. The active 

 army is not composed entirely of conscripts, but 

 is kept up to Its legal strength by enlistment of 

 volunteers and of soldiers whose time has expired. 



The principal vessel in the fleet i8 the Eng- 

 lish-built belted cruiser Elisabetha, of 1,320 tons, 

 carrying 4 0-inch guns. There are besides 7 gun- 

 boats for the Danube, a dispatch vessel, a train- 

 ing ship, and first-class and 2 second-class to- 

 pedo boats. 



Commerce and Production. The production 

 of wheat in 1898 was 20,600,100 hectolitres, 

 against 12.844,300 in 1897; of barley, 10,450,800 

 hectolitres, against 7,479,700; of rye, 2,688. :wr> 

 hectolitres, against 2,394,300; of oats, ti,13.->.300 

 hectolitres, against 3,471.900. The production of 

 maize in 1897 was 28,112,300 hectolitres; of wine, 

 249.030 hectolitres; of prunes, 465,840 hectolitre-: 

 of tobacco, 37,900 quintals; of colza seed, 47.~>.7^ 

 hectolitres; of flaxseed. 238,135 hectolitres; of 

 hemp fiber. 20,840 quintals; of hay, 13,052.382 

 quintals. There were 670,909 horses, 2,138,315 cat- 

 tle, 6.847.825 sheep, and 1,079,312 hogs in 1*97. 

 The mineral resources of Roumania are eon-id- 

 erable. and since the operation of mine- l>\ for- 

 eign capitalists was permitted by the law of !*!."> 

 various mines have been opened". Coal is mined. 

 and petroleum is obtained, though its quality U 

 poor. The salt mines are operated by the (;.-\ 

 eminent with convict labor. The total value of 

 imports in 1898 was 389,908,439 lei, and of ex- 

 ports 283.287,869 lei. The imports of cereals were 

 valued at 0.500.000, and exnorts at 241,400.wn 

 lei; imports of fruit, vegetables, and groeerie- at 

 28.700.000. and exports at 10,200.000 lei; import- 

 of beverages at 1,100,000, and exports at (MM).ooo 

 lei; imports of animals and animal food product- 

 at 7.500.000, and exports at 11.400,000 lei: imports 

 of fuel at 11.800,000, and exports at 3.800.00O 1,-i; 

 imports of minerals, glass, and pottery at ll.J"<i. 

 (KM), and exports at 800,000 lei; imports of metals 

 and metal goods at 91.700.000. and exports at 

 2.500,000 lei; imports of hides, leather, an-l leather 

 goods at 16,900,000, and exports at 1,100,000 lei; 

 imports of timber and wood manufacture! at 

 5,300,000, and exports at ,5.000.000 lei: imports 

 of textiles, raw or manufactured, at 14!t.7<xi.<MH). 

 and exports at 2,700,000 lei; imports of piipei at 

 6,600.000. and exports at 200,000 lei; import- of 

 drugs and chemicals at 27.200,000, and expoi 

 400,000 lei; imports of fats and oils at '.UIMHMIO 

 lei; imports of all other articles at 16,800,000, and 

 exports at 3,200,000 lei. The commerce. \alm-d in 

 lei. was distributed among different countri- 

 follows: 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 at Roumanian ports in the course of 1898 wa 

 39,115, of 11,144,101 tons; cleared, 39,262, of 11,- 

 325,716 tons. 



The merchant marine in 1898 consisted of 4j 

 steamers, of 12,087 tons, and 405 sailing ships and 

 boats, of 54,660 tons. 



Communications. The railroads, which art 

 the property of the Government, had in l v 

 total length of 1,893 miles, and 131 miles addi- 

 tional were being constructed and 932 miles sur- 

 veyed. 



