756 



RUSSIA. 



plus of 588,995 francs to be carried over. The 

 pension and reserve funds amounted in 1897 to 

 2,303,545 francs. The exportation of wheat 

 through the Danube in 1898 was 510,819 tons; 

 of rye, 141,089 tons; of maize, 946,359 tons; of 

 barley, 306,142 tons. The number of vessels, ex- 

 clusive of packet steamers, that passed out of the 

 Sulina mouth of the Danube in 1898 was 1,419, of 

 1,476,119 tons, comprising 446 English steamers, 

 of 694,773 tons; 143 Greek steamers, of 192,715 

 tons, and 80 Greek sailing vessels, of 20,728 tons; 

 142 Austrian steamers, of 181,099 tons; 81 Italian 

 steamers, of 103,636 tons, and 4 Italian sailing 

 vessels, of 1,850 tons; 40 Turkish steamers, of 27,- 

 384 tons, and 202 Turkish sailing vessels, of 35,- 

 489 tons; 119 Russian steamers, of 55,912 tons, 

 and 15 Russian sailing vessels, of 4,6(52 tons: 38 

 Roumanian steamers, of 46,486 tons, and 1 1 Rou- 

 manian sailing vessels, of 3,584 tons; 34 French 

 steamers, of 42,880 tons; 27 German steamers, of 

 32,685 tons; 22 steamers, of 28.912 tons, and 15 

 sailing vessels of other nationalities, of 3,324 tons. 



RUSSIA, an empire in northern Europe and 

 Asia. The throne is hereditary in the dynasty 

 of Romanoff-Hoi stein-Gottorp. The system of 

 government is an absolute monarchy, in which 

 the legislative, executive, and judicial powers 

 are united in the Emperor, or Czar, who is as- 

 sisted by a Cabinet of Ministers, each of whom 

 has charge of an executive department; by a 

 Council of State, which examines and passes upon 

 projects of law submitted by the ministers; by 

 a Ruling Senate, which watches over the general 

 administration and superintends the judiciary; 

 and by a Holy Synod, which directs ecclesiastical 

 affairs. The Czar is the head of the Russian 

 Church, which in its doctrines and ritual is iden- 

 tical with the Orthodox Greek, maintaining the 

 relations of a sister Church with the patriarchates 

 of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Antioch, and Alex- 

 andria. The reigning Emperor of All the Russias 

 is Nicholas II, born May 18, 1868, who succeeded 

 his father, Alexander III, Nov. 1, 1894. The heir 

 presumptive is the Grand-Duke George, brother 

 of the Czar, born May 9, 1871. The Committee of 

 Ministers at the beginning of 1899 was as fol- 

 lows: President, J. N. Durnovo: Minister of the 

 Imperial House and Imperial Domains, Gen. W. 

 Freederikz, appointed in 1898; Assistant Minister 

 of Foreign Affairs, Count Michael Muravieff: Proc- 

 urator General of the Holy Synod, K. P. Pobe- 

 donostseff; Minister of the Interior, J. L. Gore- 

 mykin; Minister of Public Instruction, M. Bogo- 

 lepoff, appointed in 1898; Minister of War, Gen. 

 Kuropatkin, appointed in 1898; Minister of Ma- 

 rine, Vice- Admiral Tyrtoff; Minister of Agricul- 

 ture and State Domains, A. S. Yermoloff; Min- 

 ister of Justice, N. V. Muravieff; Minister of 

 Finance, S. J. Witte; Minister of Railroads and 

 Communications, Prince Hilkoff; Comptroller 

 General, T. J. Filipoff ; Minister and Secretary of 

 State for Finland, Gen. Bobrikoff. The Grand- 

 Dukes Vladimir, Alexis, and Michael are members 

 of the committee; also M. Solsky, M. N. Ostrov- 

 sky, and M. Frisch, presiding over the respective 

 departments of state economy, legislation, and 

 civil and ecclesiastical affairs in the Council of 

 State, and Gen. Count Pratassoff-Bakhmetieff. 



Area and Population. The area of the Rus- 

 sian provinces is 1,902,202 square miles, with a 

 population on Feb. 9, 1897, of 94,215,415; the area 

 of Poland, 49,159 square miles, with 9,455,943 in- 

 habitants; the area of Finland, 144,255 square 

 miles, with a population estimated at 2,563,000; 

 the area of the Caucasus, 180,843 square miles, 

 with a population of 9,248,695; the area of Si- 

 beria, 4,833,496 square miles, with a population 



of 5,727,090; the area of the Transcaspian terri- 

 tory and central Asia, 1,548,825 square mile-, 

 with a population of 7,721,084; total land area 

 of the Russian Empire, 8,060,394 square milt--; 

 total population. 128,931,827. The average num- 

 ber of females to 100 males is 102.8 in the Russiafl 

 provinces, 98.0 in Poland, 102.2 in Finland. 90 J 

 in the Caucasus, 93.7 in Siberia, 89.4 on the 

 steppes, and 83 in Transcaspia and Turkestan. 

 In the empire as a whole the number of female- 

 is almost exactly equal to that of males. Tin- 

 Jews of Russia live in the western and south- 

 western provinces of Russia, in Poland, and in 

 the cities of the south. There are about 3,5(M).ooo 

 in all. The population of St. Petersburg in ) s< '7 

 was 1,207.023: of Moscow, 1,035,664; of Warsaw. 

 038,208: of Odessa, 405,041; of Lodz, 315.209; of 

 Riga, 282.943; of Kieff, 247.432; of Kharkoff, 174,- 

 84(5. The number of persons who entered Ru--ia 

 during 189(5 was 2,725,045; the number who de- 

 parted. 2,743.418. The net immigration of for- 

 eigners was 0,906; the net emigration of Russians 

 was 27,084. 



Finances. The ordinary revenue for 1897 was 

 1,410,380,090 paper rubles, and the ordinary . \ 

 penditures amounted to 1,299 ,049,31 3 rubles, leav- 

 ing a surplus of 110.736,7H3 rubles. The extraor- 

 dinary revenue amounted to 42,591,539 rubles, and 

 the extraordinary expenditure to I'.H.'.MVll 

 rubles. Of the ordinary receipts 39,243,000 rubles 

 came from the direct taxes on land and founts. 

 46,617,000 rubles from trade licenses, 15.507,000 

 rubles from a 5-per-cent. tax on income from 

 capital, 280,129,000 rubles from the spirit duties, 



35.294.000 rubles from tobacco duties, 55,476, t 



rubles from the excise tax on sugar, 28,894. ooo 

 rubles from naphtha, matches, and other e\<-i-e 

 taxes, 195,615,000 rubles from customs duties. 



31.758,000 rubles from stamp duti.--. 211.2:, i. i 



rubles from transfer duties, 23.155.ooo rubles from 

 passports, railroad taxes, etc., 3,456,000 rubles from 

 mining monopolies. 17, 550 ,000 rubles from the mint, 

 25,850,000 rubles from the post ofli. . 15.72!Uoo 

 rubles from telegraphs, 52,478.000 rubles from the 

 sale of spirits, 15.745,000 rubles from rent lYom 

 domains, 661,000 rubles from sales of domain-. 

 37,704,000 rubles from state forests. Io.s34.000 

 rubles from Crown mines, 277,840,(KM) ruble- from 

 state railroads, 25,050,000 rubles from limited 

 capital and banking operations, 2,057,000 rubles 

 from private railroads, 37,544,000 rubles from 

 serfs for redemption of land, 50.975,000 rubles 

 from Crown peasants, 12,631,000 rubles from rail- 

 road debts, 29,802,000 rubles from Crown debt-. 

 16,380,000 rubles from funds for aid to muniei- 

 palities, 2,358,000 rubles from military contribu- 

 tions, and 8,164,000 rubles from various SOUK e-. 

 The ordinary expenditures consisted of 25s 

 000 rubles for the state debt, including I02.4:>(,.oon 

 rubles for railroad debts; 2,729,000 rubles for the 

 superior governing bodies; 19,806,000 rubles for 

 the Holy Synod; 12,968,000 rubles for the Min- 

 istry of the* Imperial House; 4,930,000 ruble- 

 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; 293,790,000 rubles 

 for the Ministry of War, including 23.001.000 

 rubles for the reform of armaments and com- 

 missariat stores and 5,105,000 rubles for the 

 Transcaspian Railroad; 85,275,000 rubles for the 

 navy; 204.324,000 rubles for the Ministry of Fi- 

 nance, including 3,711.000 rubles for loans* to rail- 

 road companies; 33,172,000 rubles for the Minis- 

 try of Agriculture and State Domains; so.r.s.niH) 

 rubles for the Ministry of the Interior; 26,476,000 

 rubles for the Ministry of Public Instruction: 

 226,861,000 rubles for the Ministry of Ways and 

 Commmiieations. including 10S.S02.000 rubles for 

 the operation of state railroads and 25,300,000 



