RUSSIA. 



763 



with the police, and hundreds were expelled. The 

 agitation spread to female colleges, and these 

 also were closed. At Kieff the troops were called 

 in to suppress a student riot, and 400 students 

 were arrested. Before the end of April all the 

 higher educational establishments of Russia were 

 ordered to be closed. Only those students were 

 permitted to re-enter who signed a written decla- 

 ration of absolute submission to the established 

 rules of the universities. Students were arrested 

 in all the university towns by wholesale, tried in 

 secret, sentenced to be banished, and sent away 

 to all parts of the empire. The jails of St. Peters- 

 burg were filled to overflowing with imprisoned 

 students, and in the course of a few weeks more 

 than 3,000 were exiled to Siberia. There were 

 2,160 expulsions from Moscow University, 600 

 from Kieff institutions, and even from the Ladies' 

 High School at St. Petersburg more than 200. 

 In accordance with Gen. Vannofsky's report, the 

 Czar censured the civil authorities and the police 

 for their harsh proceedings, the teaching authori- 

 ties for not having more influence and control 

 over the students, and society for sympathizing 

 with the students; condemned the absence of 

 supervision over the work and occupations of 

 students and the overcrowding, which in many 

 institutions is far beyond their space and pecuni- 

 ary resources ; and ordered thfe students to return 

 to their studies, promising that the leaders and 

 participants in the disorders should be lightly 

 punished unless they were accused of actions and 

 aspirations with political aims. The students 

 imprisoned in St. Petersburg and other towns 

 were released, but were sent away. A new regula- 

 tion was announced in August, designed to pre- 

 vent a repetition of the disturbances. All stu- 

 dents who in future create or instigate disorders 

 either within the higher educational institutions 

 or outside will be forcibly drafted into the army 

 and made to serve as soldiers for a period of 

 one to three years, according to the decision 

 of the authorities of the institution concerned, 

 assisted by delegates from the Ministries of War, 

 Justice, and the Interior. On Nov. 1 M. Goremy- 

 kin, who had rendered himself unpopular by his 

 intervention in the student question and by other 

 actions, was dismissed from the Ministry of the 

 Interior, being succeeded by M. Sepiagin, who 

 was appointed, as is usual, for a probationary 

 period at first. A new educational institution 

 \\;>s established at Vladivostok for instruction 

 in the Chinese and English languages, with either 

 Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, or Manchu, and 

 French, at the option of the student, also com- 

 mercial and economical subjects, the object being 

 to prepare young men for administrative, com- 

 mercial, and industrial posts in east Asiatic Rus- 

 sia and adjoining countries. 



Finland. The grand duchy of Finland was 

 ceded to Russia by Sweden in 1809. By a special 

 grant of Alexander I, which his successors have 

 renewed on their accession, some of the Swedish 

 constitutional liberties secured in 1772 and 1809 

 were guaranteed, and to take the place of repre- 

 sentation in the Swedish Riksdag a Finnish Diet 

 was instituted. Innovations were introduced in 

 ISO!) and 1882 into the charter, which provides 

 for the representation of the four estates namely, 

 the nobles, the clergy, the burghers, and the 

 peasants in a Parliament convoked by the Czar 

 as Grand Diike of Finland. Projects of law sub- 

 mitted by the Grand Duke are discussed and 

 amended, but he retains the right of veto. Amend- 

 ments to the Constitution or new taxes must 

 have the consent of all four estates, but the initi- 

 ative was reserved by Alexander II to imperial 



authority. The projects of law are framed by 

 the State Secretary for Finland in St. Petersburg, 

 assisted by four councilors, two of whom are ap- 

 pointed by the Russian Government and two 

 selected by the Senate at Helsingfors, the mem- 

 bers of which are nominated by the Crown. The 

 Senate is the executive authority in Finland, and 

 consists of the Department of Finance, which ad- 

 ministers the railroads, telegraphs, canals, and 

 customs, and the Department of Justice, which 

 has charge of public health and the judiciary. 

 Military affairs are looked after by the Russian 

 Ministry of War and foreign affairs by the Rus- 

 sian Chancellor. Finland has its own currency, 

 but in 1890 the Russian paper and silver rubles 

 were declared legal tender. A penal code enacted 

 by the Senate in that year was not put into 

 force, by decision of the Russian Government. 

 The post offices of Finland were placed in charge 

 of the Russian Minister of the Interior and at- 

 tached to the Russian postal service in 1891. 



The estimated revenue for 1897 was 65,601,746 

 marks or francs, of which 14,664,098 marks were 

 the balance from former budgets and 2,000,000 

 marks were taken from the reserve fund. The 

 estimated expenditures left a surplus of 11,227,168 

 marks to be carried over to the following year. 

 Of the revenue indirect taxes produced 24,480,000 

 marks and direct taxes 5,801,620 marks. The 

 chief expenditures were 9,827,195 marks for civil 

 administration, 7,997,920 marks for military af- 

 fairs, 7,682,335 marks for education and worship, 

 and 4,663,160 marks for the public debt. The 

 debt amounted to 84,264,668 marks. 



The land of Finland is divided among 345 no- 

 bles, 2,218 burghers, 297 foreigners, and 111,557 

 peasants. Of the owners 28 per cent, have farms 

 under 12 acres, 51 per cent, between that size 

 and 62 acres, 19 per cent, between the latter fig- 

 ure and 250 acres, and 2 per cent, estates of 

 greater extent. Rye, oats, barley, potatoes, 

 wheat, flax, and hemp are the crops. Of horses 

 there are 300,650, and 1,409,183 cattle, 1,067,384 

 sheep, 197,356 hogs, and 129,984 reindeer. The 

 Crown forests cover 14,050,471 hectares, and their 

 produce brings in 2,284,000 marks a year, less 

 628,000 marks for maintenance. The product of 

 iron ore in 1895 was 67,724 tons; of pig iron, 23,- 

 220 tons; of bar iron, 17,863 tons. Besides iron 

 and mechanical works, there are factories for 

 textiles, leather, beer, spirits, paper, and chem- 

 icals, and wood and bone working employs a 

 great many people. The total value of imports 

 in 1897 was 202,500,000 marks, of which 73,200,000 

 marks came from Russia, 65,700,000 marks from 

 Germany, 29,200,000 marks from Great Britain, 

 12,200,000 marks from Sweden and Norway, and 

 lesser amounts from Denmark, France, Spain, and 

 other countries. The total value of exports was 

 168,700,000 marks, of which 51,200,000 marks 

 went to Great Britain, 48,300,000 marks to Rus- 

 sia, 17,000,000 marks to Denmark, 14,600,000 

 marks to France, 13,000 marks to Germany, and 

 the rest to Sweden, Spain, and other countries. 

 The principal imports were cereals for 41,000,000 

 marks, cotton and cotton goods for 13,900,000 

 marks, iron and hardware for 12,800,000 marks, 

 machinery for 12,100,000 marks, coffee for 11,170,- 

 000 marks, woolens for 8,500,000 marks, sugar 

 for 6,600,000 marks, and for smaller amounts 

 chemicals, leather goods, tobacco, oils, etc. The 

 export of timber was valued at 79,400,000 marks, 

 butter at 30,300,000 marks, paper and paper pulp 

 at 15,600,000 marks, iron and iron goods at 4,400,- 

 000 marks. Lesser items were textiles, leather, 

 hides and skins, tar. and pitch. 



The number of vessels entered at Finnish ports 



