812 



SWITZERLAND. 



1,136,834 francs for the general administration, 

 648,805 francs for the Political Department, 12,- 

 865,151 francs for the Department of the Interior, 

 including 10,323,847 francs for construction. 403,- 

 226 francs for justice and police, 26,498,658 francs 

 for the Military Department, 4,952,580 francs for 

 customs and finance, 4,413,549 francs for indus- 

 try and agriculture, 30,204,417 francs for the post 

 office, 8,285,162 francs for telegraphs and tele 

 phones, 361,106 francs for railroads, and 35,843 

 francs for unforeseen expenses. 



The liabilities of the federation, including the 

 currency reserve, were 84,392,065 francs on Jan. 

 1, 1899; the assets were 199,481,095 francs. 



The Army. All able-bodied citizens of the 

 republic are liable to military service, and those 

 not required to serve are subject to the military 

 tax, of which the federal treasury receives half. 

 Out of 527,074 men liable to military duty in 

 1897 the number enrolled in the Auszug, or active 

 army, and the Landwehr was 242.529. The re- 

 cruits for the Auszug in 1898 numbered 18.339. 

 Service in time of peace consists of training in 

 camp, which lasts from forty-two to eighty days 

 in the first year and sixteen days every second 

 year for the rest of the twelve years of service, 

 with rifle practice for the infantry and exercises 

 for the cavalry every year. Service in the Land- 

 wehr lasts for twelve years after the period in 

 the Auszug is completed. All able-bodied citizens 

 who are not incorporated in the Auszug or the 

 Landwehr compose the Landsturm. The strength 

 of the Auszug in 1898 was 147.191 ; of the Land- 

 wehr, 83,283; of the Landsturm, 271,780. 



Commerce and Production. The industry of 

 Switzerland is mainly agricultural and pastoral, 

 though the manufactures are important and 

 handicrafts are frequently pursued in combina- 

 tion with husbandry. The cultivators are the 

 proprietors of the soil, and more than half of 

 the forest area is the property of the communes 

 or cantons. Of the total area of the country, 

 28.4 per cent, is unproductive, 35.8 per cent, pas- 

 ture and meadow land, 29 per cent, covered with 

 forest, 18.7 per cent, orchard and vineyard, and 

 16.4 per cent, farm and garden land. The chief 

 crops are rye, oats, and potatoes, of which the 

 production is not half enough, however, to feed 

 the population. The principal rural industries 

 are the manufacture of cheese and condensed 

 milk. In 1897 the export of cheese was 232.000 

 quintals and of condensed milk 202,000 quintals. 

 The number of cattle in 1896 was 1,306.696. 

 There are over 2,000,000 acres of forests, of which 

 1,100,000 acres, forming the belt stretching from 

 Lake Leman to the northern end of the Lake of 

 Constance, are under strict federal supervision. 

 In this area, which by the act of 1876 must never 

 be diminished, new plantings are constantly being 

 made. Fish culture is carried on extensively, in 

 order to stock the streams and lakes. Salt is 

 mined in five districts, and the manufacture of 

 cement is considerable. In about 5,000 industrial 

 establishments subject to the factory laws, which 

 are quite strict, over 200,000 hands are employed. 

 Half the machinery is driven by water power. 

 The textile manufactures are the most important, 

 giving employment in 1895 to 91,454 work peo- 

 ple, while 16,334 were employed in the manu- 

 facture of watches and jewelry, 14,004 in manu- 

 facturing articles of food, 9,936 in metal indus- 

 tries, 8,365 in working leather and rubber, 4,058 

 in chemical works, and for woodworking and 

 carving there were 7.528 separate workshops re- 

 ported, employing 11,347 persons. Alcohol is 

 manufactured by a federal rtgie, which sold 

 42,081 metric quintals of spirits for manufacturing 



in 1897. The breweries produced 1,879,567 hecto- 

 litres of beer. There are over 14,000 hotels in 

 Switzerland, which receive 90,000,000 francs a y-ar. 

 The total value of imports in IS'.IS \\as l.l.Vt,- 

 240.000 francs and of exports 781,423,000 frain -. 

 including 88,935.000 francs of specie imported and 

 57.597,000 francs exported. The value of silk 

 imported was 124,700,000 francs; cereals and 

 flour, 120,700,000 francs; live animals. 51,600.000 

 francs; coal. 48,600,000 francs; woolen g><l>, 

 44,400,000 francs; precious metals, 40,000.000 

 francs; wine, 37.800,000 francs; iron, 35,600.ooo 

 francs; chemical products, 35,100,000 francs: cot- 

 ton goods. 32.400,000 francs; machinery, 31.700,- 

 000 francs; raw cotton, 25,600,000 francs; iron 

 manufactures, 24,000,000 francs; timber, 23.r,oo.- 

 000 francs; sugar, 21,300,000 francs; barley, malt. 

 and hops, 17,400,000 francs; leather, 16,900,000 

 francs; coffee, 15,700,000 francs; wool, 14.000. MOO 

 francs; building materials, 12,300,000 francs; silk 

 goods. 12,300.000 francs; books, maps, etc.. 12.- 

 000,000 francs; linen goods, 10,200.000 frsun-: 

 eggs, 10,200,000 francs. The export of silk go,,,!* 

 was 141,800,000 francs in value; cotton pn..K 

 110,400,000 francs; watches, 109,200,000 francs; 

 cheese, 39,400,000 francs; raw silk, 38,800.000 

 francs; machinery, 38,000,000 francs; spun silk. 

 35,100.000 francs; chemical products, 26,600.000 

 francs; milk, 19.700,000 francs; cotton yarns. 16,- 

 600.000 francs; live animals, 12,800,000 francs; 

 straw goods, 11,200,000 francs; hides, 9,900.ooo 

 francs; woolen yarns, 0,100,000 francs: precious 

 metals, 8.100,000 francs; fruit, 7,500,000 francs; 

 woolen goods, 7,300,000 francs. The value of the 

 commerce with different countries in IS'.K waa in 

 francs as follows: 



Communications. The railroads on Jan. 

 1898, had a total length of 2,374 miles, 

 cost up to the end of 1896 was l,17r,.2H4. 

 francs. The receipts for that year were 118, 

 713 francs: expenses, 70.514.275 francs. The 

 ceipts in 1897 from 12.568,109 tons of freight 

 46,231,354 passengers were 111,155,255 francs, h 

 pursuance of the law of Feb. 20, 1898. the rat' 

 roads will be transferred to the Government,' 

 May, 1903. 



The telegraphs, which belong to the Govei 

 ment, had a total length in 1898 of 4,443 mil 

 with 13,092 miles of wire. The number of 

 sages in 1898 was 3.977,576, of which 1 .684.711 

 were internal, 1,569,071 international, and 157,~~ 

 official. 



The post office in 1898 forwarded 93.040. 

 domestic and 41,136,000 foreign letters, 24.617. 

 domestic and 18,380.000 foreign postal -a 

 296,000 newspapers and circulars in the dmix-sti 

 and 22.372,000 in the foreign mails, and 5,131."" 

 domestic postal orders for 563.346.000 francs 

 1,086,000 foreign ones for 46,762,000 francs. 



