THE PINK FAMILY OUTDOORS 311 



and varieties of the more or less pungent clove breath 

 remain under the old subtitle Caryophyllus. 



To go minutely into the differences and distinctions 

 of the race would require a book all to itself, for in 

 1597, more than three hundred years ago, Gerarde 

 wrote: "There are, under the name of Caryophyllus, 

 comprehended diuers and sundrie sorts of plants, of 

 such variable colours and also severall shapes that a 

 great and large volume would not suffice to write of 

 euery one in particular." And when we realize that 

 the pink was probably the first flower upon which, 

 early in the eighteenth century, experiments in hybridi- 

 zation were tried, the intricacy will be fully understood. 



For the Garden, You, and I, three superficial 

 groups only are necessary : the truly hardy perennial 

 pinks, that when once established remain for years; 

 the half-hardy perennials that flower the second year 

 after planting, and require protection; and the bien- 

 nials that will flower the first year and may be treated 

 as annuals. 



The Margaret carnations, though biennials, are best 

 treated as annuals, for they may be had in flower 

 in three to four months after the sowing of the seed, 

 and the English perennial border carnations, bizarres, 

 and picotees will live for several years, but in this 



