130 SILVICULTURAL TREATMENT 



foresters, they have generally been practiced only in some of our 

 National and State Forests. In the demonstration forests of Harvard 

 at Petersam, Massachusetts, and of Yale at New Haven, Connecticut, 

 and Keene, New Hampshire: in the Duke Forest at Durham, North 

 Carolina ; as well as in the Pack demonstration forests located in con- 

 nection with the University of Washington and the New York State 

 College of Forestry, and several others, intermediate cuttings of this 

 kind have been successfully made. 



With the availability of vastly increased man power for work in 

 the woods under the Civilian Conservation Corps program, a very 

 large amount of work in intermediate cuttings and silvicultural treat- 

 ment of young and immature stands has been accomplished, notably in 

 the National and State Forests of the Lake States, southern Appa- 

 lachians, southern pine region, and the Northeast. Considerable work 

 has also been done in ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine stands of the 

 Rocky Mountains, especially on National Forest properties. 



3. SILVICULTURAL SYSTEMS OF TREATMENT 



The intermediate cuttings as classified and described by Hawley * 

 are as follows. He recognizes six types of intermediate cuttings. 



1. Cleaning. A cutting made in a young stand, not past the sap- 

 ling stage, for the purpose of freeing the trees from other individuals 

 of similar age but of undesirable form or species which are over- 

 topping or are likely to overtop the former trees. The term "assist- 

 ance cutting," "disengagement cutting," "release cutting/' and 

 "weeding" have been employed as synonymous. Of these synonyms, 

 release cutting and weeding are considered the most desirable. An 

 advantage claimed for these terms over the word "cleaning" is that 

 they better express the purpose of the operation. As sometimes used, 

 release cutting includes the operations under both cleanings and libera- 

 tion cuttings and hence is less useful as a substitute for cleanings 

 alone. 



2. Liberation Cutting. A cutting made in a young stand not past 

 the sapling stage, for the purpose of freeing the young growth from 

 older individuals (wolf trees) which are overtopping. These older 

 individuals may be either of good species but of the "wolf tree" char- 

 acter or else of species less desirable than the overtopped young 

 growth. 



* See "Practice of Silviculture," by R. C. Hawley, third edition, John Wiley 

 & Sons, New York, 1935. 



