142 FOREST UTILIZATION INDUSTRIAL FORESTRY 



1. Surveying, engineering, estimating, and the making of prelimi- 



nary plans, together with the construction of camps. 



2. The felling and bucking of the tree stem to log lengths, prepara- 



tory for transportation. 



3. Minor transportation or log assemblage, generally known as 



skidding. 



4. Major transportation or main log haul. 



Camps vary in size from the small 10-man tent camp to the per- 

 manent camps of the Far West, housing from 150 to 300 men or more, 



FIG. 80. A Caterpillar Diesel 75 h.p. tractor with Hyster-Willamette arch 



bringing in a large size Douglas fir log 2000 feet off steep grades up to 35% in 



Washington. This is an unusually large size log. 



such as the logging camp at Ryderwood, Washington. In the North- 

 east, woods labor is chiefly of the French Canadian type ; in the South 

 the Negro provides the principal labor. In the Lake States the pro- 

 verbial lumberjack is largely of Scandinavian origin. In the Rocky 

 Mountains and the Pacific Coast States mixed labor of Scandinavian, 

 Finnish, Irish, Russian, and other origins is generally found. 



The rather unsanitary, poorly constructed log camp, common in 

 earlier days, has practically disappeared. Owing to changes in meth- 

 ods of log transportation, camps are generally built of lumber and 

 have excellent sanitary and housing facilities. The best lumber camps 



