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FOREST UTILIZATION INDUSTRIAL FORESTRY 



tically disappeared from logging procedure in the United States. It 

 is still the most widely used method in transporting several million 

 cords of spruce pulpwood annually in eastern Canada. It is also prac- 

 ticed occasionally in Maine, New York, and northern Idaho, and for 

 cross ties in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. 



Flumes, which are V-shaped troughs or channels in which water 

 flows from a reservoir or stream, are used to float logs from the woods 

 to the sawmill or railroad. The Madera flume in California is 55 

 miles long. There are several flumes in the northern Rocky Moun- 



FIG. 82. Rolling logs into flume from landing, Idaho. Logging is an important 

 activity in connection with timber sales on several National Forests. 



tains. They are gradually disappearing, however, even in the regions 

 where they are adapted to the size of the timber, nature of topog- 

 raphy, and climate. 



Constant improvements and lower costs have marked the develop- 

 ment of American logging practice. The forester must have an inti- 

 mate knowledge and understanding of the best methods to adopt in 

 logging any forest tract, whether a small farm woodland of 20 acres 

 or an extensive area of 100,000 acres or more. Low logging costs 

 increase stumpage values and thereby make forestry more attractive 



