THE MAKING OF THE GEOLOGICAL TIME-SCALE. 13 



ture of Lehmann, which was proposed originally to indicate 

 the derivation of the Secondary from the Primitive, was 

 expanded on the basis of stratigraphic succession, and we 

 observe the anomaly of a retention of two names (Tertiary 

 and Quaternary), formed on the principle of Lehmann's 

 terms, but his own terms, as well as his theory as a basis of 

 classification, entirely discarded. 



Werner's Perfection of the Lehmann Classification. Werner 

 (1750-1817) elaborated Lehmann's scheme and modified it. 

 He was the great teacher of geology at Freiburg, Germany, 

 in 1815, and left his impress upon the geologists of the time, 

 though he wrote little in the way of systematic exposition of 

 his theories of classification. He adopted Lehmann's Prim- 

 itiv Gebirge, but of the Secondary rocks he made a lower 

 class, which he called transition rocks (Uebergangsgebirge)\ 

 they were stratified, contained none or but few fossils, and 

 were more or less oblique in position ; these characteristics 

 were observed in northern Europe, where he studied them. 

 The remainder of the original Secondary rocks he called 

 Floctsgebirgc, or flat-lying formations, and these were the 

 equivalents of Lehmann's Secondary in the classification of 

 the early part of the century. Later, the Wernerian school 

 called the formations above the Cretaceous neues Floetzgebirge, 

 to which, as they were studied in the Paris basin, Cuvier and 

 Brongniart, in the latter decade of the last century, applied 

 the name Tertiary, which still remains in the scheme. Wer- 

 ner called the looser, overlying, unconsolidated rocks ange- 

 schwempt Gebirge, or alluvial formations, which were after- 

 wards, as above stated, called Quaternary by Re"boul and 

 Morlot. 



The classification of Lehmann, as perfected by Werner, 

 was then as follows : 



German Names. English Equivalents. 



IV. Angeschwempt Gebirge. Alluvial formations. 



III. b. Neues Floetzgebirge. Tertiary " 



a. Floetzgebirge. Secondary " 



II. Uebergangsgebirge. Transition " 



I. Urgebirge. Primitive '.' 



