388 



INDEX. 



Eras in geology, 69; relative lengths 

 of, 54; and systems, 71. 



Errors in estimates of age, 58, 59. 



Estimate of rate of limestone for- 

 mation, 60. 



Etienne Geoffrey St. Hilaire and 

 species, 152. 



Evidence, selection of, 365; fossils 

 and living organisms as, 365; 



Evolution, 168; the acquirement of 

 characters, 219; acquirement of 

 variations, " 158; and adaptation, 

 118; and Anaximander, 152; an- 

 tiquity of, 153; definition of, 369; 

 relative rapidity of, 369; variabil- 

 ity, 369; heredity, 369; mode of, 

 370; cause of, 370; conditions of 

 environment and, 370; adjustment 

 and, 370; struggle for existence 

 and, 370; natural selection and, 

 370; intrinsic, 370; classification 

 and, 370; the philosophy of, 371; 

 of calcified loops of Brachiopods, 

 267; characteristic of organisms, 

 375; of class characters, 266; 

 curves of Brachiopods, 256, 263; 

 curves, meaning of, 87; curve of 

 organisms, 85; descent, 124; or 

 development, Huxley, 124; and 

 development, 70, 152! 157; of ex- 

 trinsic characters slow, 311; ex- 

 pressed in specific characters, 261; 

 fact of, established, 160; of funda- 

 mental characters, 268; of genera, 

 Cope, 196; in geological history, 

 89; idea of, and creation, 376; an 

 intrinsic law of organism, 127; 

 laws of, 261, 265, 269; of mammals 

 in Eocene, 359; the mode of cre- 

 ation, 374; modifies and not re- 

 places creation, 377; nature of, 

 160; not an inorganic process, 96; 

 of ordinal characters, 266; an or- 

 ganic process, 96; records chiefly 

 in generic and specific characters, 

 219; of shell curvature in Nauti- 

 loidea, 340; of spiral appendages, 

 302; shell proportions, of spirifers, 

 302; of suture lines, laws of 355. 



Evolution theory, definitions, 158. 

 Lamarckian, 158; Darwinian, 156, 

 159; phylogenetic, 159; and uni- 

 formity theories, 157. 



Evolutionism, 121. 



Excretion, 177. 



Explanation of succession required, 

 118. 



Extinction of Brachiopod genera 

 254. 



Extremes of acceleration and re- 

 tardation, 319. 



Extrinsic character, example of, 271. 



Facies, 69. 



Factors of evolution, 121, 197, 364, 

 367- 



Factors of origin of species, 193. 



Family groups of genera, chronolo- 

 gical value, 38. 



Fauna, 113. 



Fauna of the Cambrian, 212. 



Fauna and flora, 69. 



Faunas and floras, classification of, 

 116. 



Faunas of New England coast, 117. 



Faunas and Provinces, 115. 



Faunal distinctness, 115. 



Favo sites niagarensis, 90. 



Favosites in the Niagara formation, 

 92. 



Favositid(Z, rate of differentiation of, 

 85- 



Fertilization of ovum, 172. 



Finger-bones and teeth of verte- 

 brates, 363. 



First appearance of genera, 85, 86. 



First cause essential to evolution, 

 121 ; in nature, 378. 



Fission, agamogenesis by, 169. 



Fittest organism, the, 81, 366. 



Fixation of plastic characters of 

 Spirifers, 301. 



Fixed characters, acquired by trans- 

 mission, 192. 



Flora, 113. 



Flora and fauna, 69. 



Floral distinctness, 115. 



Flcetzgebirge, 13, 16, 19. 



Food, as environment, 113. 



Foot-organs in mollusks, differen- 

 tiation, 327. 



Forbes, Edward, on centres of cre- 

 ation, 121 ; and classification, 22; 

 and Lamarck, 127; on origin of 

 species, 121, 123. 



Form of loop in jugum, 288 ; and 

 matter of individual, 160. 



Formation in geology, 7; definition 

 of, 30. 



Formation and period, 66; scale, 66; 

 scale, relative antiquity, 73 ; of 

 individual characters, 125; of pe- 

 riod names, 52; of stratified rocks, 



71- 

 Fossil coral, favosites, 90; fauna and 



flora, and periods, 52; records, 81. 

 Fossils as basis of classification, 21, 



25: the basis of the time-scale, 66; 



characteristic, 75 ; characteristic 



of period, 83; to determine age of 



systems, 37; form of and time, 83; 



interpretation of, 78; kinds of, 80; 



