ORGANIZATION 51 



the result that most of the granges had ceased operations by the 

 end of the year. 1 In March, 1871, active work was begun in 

 the four northwestern counties of Indiana by Oscar Dinwiddie, 

 which proved to be the real starting point of the order in that 

 state; and the operations of J. Wilkinson, one of the successful 

 Iowa deputies, in northwestern Illinois resulted in the estab- 

 lishment of five granges there in the latter half of 1871. The 

 only other grange established in this group of states in 1871 was 

 one organized by letter in Ohio in February; but active corre- 

 spondence had led to the appointment of deputies in Kansas, 

 Nebraska, and Missouri. 2 



In the southern states the spread of the order began about 

 the same time in South Carolina and Mississippi. On the recom- 

 mendation of Colonel Jacques, editor of the Rural Carolinian 

 of Charleston, William E. Simmons, Jr. was appointed a special 

 deputy; and on May 25, 1871, Ashley Grange No. i was organ- 

 ized at Charleston. In Mississippi, the first two granges were 

 organized, June 3, at Rienzi, by W. L. Williams, and June 17, 

 at Columbus, by R. D. Powell, as a result of correspondence 

 with Secretary Kelley. Powell also organized another grange 

 at Aberdeen, December 15. One was started at Allenville, 

 Kentucky, by W. S. Reeves, August 10, 1871. These five, 

 with the one at Stockton, Tennessee, organized in 1870, were 

 all the granges in the South at the end of the year 187 1. 3 



In the East, the order did not progress any more rapidly. 

 A grange was organized at Clinton, Pennsylvania, by Luke 

 Eger, on February 22, 1871; one at St. Johnsbury, Vermont, by 

 Jonathan Lawrence, July 4; and another in New Jersey by 

 Secretary Kelley, December 26, 1871. Both Kelley and J. R. 

 Thompson of the National Grange spent some time in Vermont 

 in the latter part of the year, but they failed to get any more 

 granges established; Kelley also failed in an attempt to organize 



1 Kelley, Patrons of Husbandry, 302, 305, 310, 334, 374, 382, 388; E. M. May- 

 nard, Patrons of Husbandry in Wisconsin (Ms.), ch. ii; R. E. Smith, Wisconsin 

 Granger Movement (Ms.), ch. ii. 



2 Keltey, Patrons of Husbandry, 210, 316, 319, 333, 339, 342, 354, 356, 359; 

 Prairie Farmer, xliii. 4 (January 6, 1872); Paine, Granger Movement in Illinois, 10. 



3 Kelley, Patrons of Husbandry, 310, 318, 320, 327-332, 345, 349, 354. 



