THE INFLUENCE OF THE TARIFF 133 



were increased slightly from time to time, but the 

 motive was to increase the revenue instead of ex- 

 tending additional aid to industrial enterprise. 

 However, international complications resulted in 

 changing the point of emphasis in the tariff policies 

 of the country. The Berlin and Milan decrees of 

 Napoleon, and the English orders in Council, re- 

 sulted in the Embargo Act of 1907. War with Eng* 

 land was declared in 1812. During this war all im- 

 port duties were doubled and trade with England 

 was prohibited. This situation gave a great stimulus 

 in the United States to the manufacturing indus- 

 tries, especially to those engaged in producing arti- 

 cles which had previously been imported. While 

 the restrictive legislation of 1808-1815 was essen- 

 tially designed to increase the revenues, the effect 

 was equivalent to high protection. When the war 

 closed, the industries that had grown up as a result 

 of the protective policies, were now in need of pro- 

 tective duties to sustain them. Patriotism and pride 

 in the material welfare of the nation united in pro- 

 ducing a strong protective tariff sentiment through- 

 out the country. 



The Tariff Act of 1816 was clearly a protective 

 tariff measure. It was passed in response to the de- 

 mands of the manufacturers. This measure was op- 

 posed by the commercial interests of the country 

 whose prosperity was dependent upon the greatest 

 freedom in international commercial intercourse, but 

 these commercial interests were mostly Federalists 



