112 



Actinopterygii Plectospondyli. 



The Scopelidae and allied families are probably represented 

 in the Upper Cretaceous by the fishes named Spaniodon, 

 Enchodus, and Eurypholis (Fig. 160), some of which from 



l'i<3. 160. Eurypliolis Boissicri, Pict. (after Pictet and Humbert) ; Upper Cretaceous, Mount 



Lebanon. 



Westphalia (not in the Collection) exhibit distinct traces of an 

 adipose dorsal fin. They have very irregularly developed large 

 teeth within the mouth, and Eurypholis exhibits ornamented 

 dermal scutes both on the anterior part of the back and along" 

 the lateral line. Cimolichthys and Pomognatlius from the 

 English. Chalk also seem to be related to these fishes. Phylacto- 

 cephalus from Mount Lebanon is probably identical with 

 Pomognatlius. 



Typical Scopelida? are Parascopelus and Anapterus from the 

 Upper Miocene of Licata, Sicily. 



The extinct Cretaceous family of HoplopleuridaD follows 

 next, comprising much-elongated fishes wanting true scales 

 but armoured with longitudinal series of scutes. Dercetis 

 (Leptotrachelus) occurs in the English Chalk, and still more 

 abundantly in the Upper Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon. 

 PelargorhyncJius is an allied fish from the Chalk of Westphalia. 



SUB-ORDER Y. Plectospondyli. 



Remains of Cyprinida3 are not uncommon in freshwater 

 formations above the Eocene both in Europe and North America, 

 but almost all the extinct species are referable to existing 

 genera. The true Carp (Cyprinus) and Gudgeon (Gobio) occur 

 in the Miocene of Oeningen. Species of Leuciscus (Roach, 

 Dace, Minnow, etc.) are represented in the same deposit, in the 

 lignites of France and Germany, and in the Upper Miocene 

 Infusorial Earth of Licata, Sicily. The latter formation also 

 yields remains of other genera, e.y. Bhodeus and Aspius ; and as 

 Herrings, Scopeloids, etc., occur abundantly in association with 

 these, the mingling of marine and freshwater fishes is here 

 very remarkable. The Tench (Tinea) is found in the Oeningen 

 beds and Tertiary lignites ; and the little Acanthopsis, now 

 of Tropical India, is met with in the Miocene of the 

 Puy-de-D6me, France. Other genera exhibited are Barbus, 



