40 Artificial Systems and Terminology of Organs [BOOK i. 



more difficult operations of the mind simply by not attempting 

 them. 



There was one man indeed in Germany who studied the 

 vegetable kingdom in the first half of the 1 7th century in the spirit 

 of Cesalpino before him, but who, like Cesalpino, found no 

 honour among contemporary botanists. This man was the 

 well-known philosopher Joachim Jung, who invented a com- 

 parative terminology for the parts of plants, and occupied 

 himself with critical enquiries into the theory of the system, 

 the naming of species and other subjects, embodying their 

 results in a long array of aphorisms. Free from the genius- 

 stifling burden which the knowledge of individual species had 

 become, a man possessed of varied accomplishments and a 

 well-trained mind, Jung was better qualified than the pro- 

 fessed botanists to see what was wanted in botany and would 

 advance it a phenomenon more than once repeated in the 

 history of the science. But his results remained unknown to 

 all except his immediate pupils, till Ray admitted them into his 

 great work on plants in 1693, and made them the foundation 

 of his own theoretical botany. Enriched by Ray's good mor- 

 phological remarks, Jung's terminology passed to Linnaeus, 

 who adopted it as he adopted every thing useful that literature 

 offered him, improving it here and there, but impairing its 

 spirit by his dry systematising manner. 



The labours of the botanists of Germany and the Netherlands 

 during the 1 7th century, which culminated in Kaspar Bauhin, 

 were not without important influence upon the development of 

 systematic botany which began with Cesalpino. When Cesal- 

 pino wrote the work which forms an epoch in the science, he 

 was perhaps unacquainted with the natural classification of 

 de 1'Obel (1576) ; at least there is nothing in his book which 

 shows that he had seen it ; it appears even as though he had 

 made the discovery independently, that there is an actual 

 connection of relationship among plants expressed in their 

 organisation as a whole ; it is at any rate certain that this fact 



