60 Artificial Systems and Terminology of Organs [BOOK i. 



how firmly this old dogma was established is well shown by 

 the fact, that Ray at the end of the century still retained this 

 division, though he founded his botanical theories on the 

 ' Isagoge ' of Jung. Jung was in advance of Cesalpino and 

 his own contemporaries in repeatedly expressing his doubt of 

 the existence of spontaneous generation. 



The ' Isagoge Phytoscopica,' a system of theoretical botany, 

 very concisely written and in the form of propositions arranged 

 in strict logical sequence, was a more important work and had 

 more lasting effects upon the history of botany. We must look 

 more closely into the contents of this volume, because it con- 

 tains the foundation of the terminology of the parts of plants 

 subsequently established by Linnaeus. Since the matter of the 

 ' Isagoge ' is produced in Ray's ' Historia Plantarum ' in italics, 

 with special mention of the source from which it is derived, it 

 cannot be doubted that Linnaeus had made acquaintance with 

 the teaching of Jung as a young man, in any case before 

 1738. It is as important as a matter of history to know that 

 Linnaeus' terminology is founded on Jung, as it is to learn 

 that his most general philosophical propositions on botanical 

 subjects are to be traced to Cesalpino. It will moreover be 

 fully shown in the account of the doctrine of sexuality that his 

 knowledge of that subject was derived from Rudolf Jacob 

 Camerarius. 



The first chapter of the c Isagoge ' discusses the distinction 

 between plants and animals. A plant is, according to Jung, 

 a living but not a sentient body ; or it is a body attached to a 

 fixed spot or a fixed substratum, from which it can obtain 

 immediate nourishment, grow and propagate itself. A plant 

 feeds when it transforms the nourishment which it takes up 

 into the substance of its parts, in order to replace what has 

 been dissipated by its natural heat and interior fire. A plant 

 grows when it adds more substance than has been dissipated, 

 and thus becomes larger and forms new parts. The growth of 

 plants is distinguished from that of animals by the circumstance 



