CHAP, ii.] from Cesalpino to Linnaeus. 73 



Monocotyledones (singulis aut nullis 

 cotyledonibus) . 



XXIV. Graminifoliae floriferae vasculo tricapsulari (Lilia- 



ceae, Orchideae, Zingiberaceae). 



XXV. Stamineae (Grasses). 



XXVI. Anomalae incertae sedis. 



B. PLANTAE GEMMIFERAE (ARBORES). 



(a) Monocotyledones. 



XXVII. Arbores arundinaceae (Palms, Dracaena). 



(b) Dicotyledones. 



XXVIII. Arbores fructu a flore remote seu apetalae (Coni- 



ferae and various others). 



XXIX. Arbores fructu umbilicato (various). 



XXX. Arbores fructu non umbilicato (various). 



XXXI. Arbores fructu sicco (various). 



XXXII. Arbores siliquosae (woody Papilionaceae). 



XXXIII. Arbores anomalae (Ficus). 



Of these classes only the Fungi, Capillares, Stellatae, 

 Labiatae, Pomiferae, Tetrapetalae, Siliquosae, Leguminosae, 

 Floriferae, and Stamineae can pass as wholly or approximately 

 natural groups, and there are mistakes even in these ; more- 

 over the majority of them had long been recognised. The 

 examples annexed in brackets show how open the others are to 

 objection. If it must be allowed on the one side that Ray, 

 like Jung, doubts whether the Cryptogams are propagated 

 without seeds, it is on the other side obvious that he makes as 

 little objection as his predecessors, contemporaries, and imme- 

 diate successors to the idea that Polypes and Sponges are 

 vegetables. But worse than this is the extremely faulty sub- 

 ordination and coordination in his system ; while the class of 

 Mosses contains the Confervae, Lichens, Liverworts, Mosses, 

 and Clubmosses, and therefore objects as distinct from one 

 another as Infusoria, Worms, Crabs, and Mollusks, we find 

 on the contrary the one family of Compositae split up into 



