THEOPHRASTUS. 39 



the invention of causes and descending from causes to the 

 invention of new experiments," 1 was not only foreshad- 

 owed but conceived by the Stagirite; even more than this, 

 elaborated into a logical tool ready for the world's use. 

 This view I have not taken. Although the duality of the 

 complex operation, whereof induction is the first and de- 

 duction the second half, as well as the especial necessity 

 for the inductive part, was recognized by Aristotle both in 

 actual declarations and by his unwearied industry in col- 

 lecting facts ; although, moreover, he perceived that all 

 science or theory must rest upon this foundation as a 

 whole, nevertheless he devotes himself only to the analysis 

 and to the formulating of the rules of the deductive part. 

 Thus it was, as Grote 2 points out, that science afterwards 

 became disjoined from experience and was presented as 

 consisting in deduction alone, while everything not de- 

 duction became degraded into un-scientific experience. 

 Of this last, abundant examples in the field under study 

 will hereafter be encountered, while on the other hand, 

 we shall find the true inductive method practically ap- 

 plied in the same field long before Francis Bacon trump- 

 eted its importance to the world. 



Theophrastus was born B. C. 372, and died B. C. 287, 

 surviving Aristotle by thirty-five years, and succeeding 

 him as teacher at the Lykeum. . His history describes what 

 he calls the stones and the earths, in contradistinction to 

 the metals; the first, as he supposed, being derived from 

 the earth itself, and the last from water. He refers not 

 merely to stones indigenous to Greece, but to others, of 

 foreign origin, such as the alabaster of Egypt, the pumice 

 of Sicily, the carbuncle of Carthage, Massilla, and of the 

 Nile cataracts and Syene, the emeralds of Tyre, Cyprus, 

 and Bactria, the pearls from the Indies and the shores of 

 the Red Sea, the gypsum of Syria, the cinnabar of Spain, 

 and so on, through a category so extensive, and represent- 



1 De Augmentis, vii. i. 



2 Grote : Aristotle i. c. 289; c. 160. 



