CONTENTS. Vli 



Ancient Chinese knowledge of amber and of the geomancer's Com- 

 pass 75 



The Chinese not natural navigators 77 



Nor reliable astronomers 79 



Nor competent inventors 80 



The Mariner's Compass probably not of Chinese origin 85 



CHAPTER IV. 



The Dark Ages and the rise of Scholasticism 86 



First distinction between magnetic and electric effects drawn by St. 



Augustine 87 



Patristic references to the lodestone and amber 90 



Old medical uses of the lodestone 93 



Claudian's Idyl 93 



The Fables of the Magnetic Rocks 96 



Ancient Arab navigation 102 



The Compass not used in early voyages on the Indian Ocean .... 103 



Nor by the Spanish Saracens ic8 



Nor on Spanish ships until 1403 in 



CHAPTER V. 



The Northmen and their early voyages 112 



Physical science among the Anglo-Saxons 115 



The Norman invasion and the poem of William Appulus of Amalfi . 116 



Scholastic philosophy 118 



Alexander Neckam 120 



His treatise de Natura Rerum 122 



The doctrine of similitudes , . . . . 124 



And of virtues 125 



Applied to the lodestone 127 



The first European description of the Mariner's Compass 129 



And the remarkable magnetic discoveries preceding 131 



The Compass points 133 



Gottlaud, the great nautical rendezvous 134 



Wisbuy and its laws 135 



The Finns and Lapps 137 



Their sorcery and relationship to Chinese 139 



And possible ancient knowledge of Compass 141 



The garlic myth 142 



The punishment for tampering with the Compass 144 



The Compass possibly of Finn origin and emanating from Wisbuy . 145 



CHAPTER VI. 



Thirteenth century thought 148 



William the Clerk on the Compass 149 



The Bible of Guyot de Provins 152 



