434 FAMILY PHOCID2E. 



tled-nosed Seal of Pennant); 3. P. jubata; 4. P. mtulina (with 

 vars. botnica, sibirica, caspica) ; 5. P. monachus ; 6. P. grcenlan- 

 dica (with var. nigra); 7. P. liispida (with var. quadrata = 

 " Square Phipper, Arct. Zool. i, 161"); 8. P. cristata; 9. P. 

 barbata; 10. P. pusilla (an Eared Seal) ; 11. P. chilensis ( = P. 

 porcina, Molina) ; 12. P. mutica ( = Long-necked Seal of Par- 

 sons an Eared Seal); 13. P. australis (= "Falkland Seal, 

 Penn. Hist. Quad., n. 378"); 14. P. testudo (= Tortoise-head 

 Seal, Pennant) ; 15. P. fasciata ("Harnassed Seal" = Bubbon 

 Seal, Pennant) ; 16. P. laniger ( = Phoca leporina, Lepechin) ; 

 17. P. punctata ("Is speckled all over the body, head, and 

 limbs. Penn. Hist. Quad. p. 523. Inhabits the seas about 

 Kamtschatka and the Kurile Islands"); 18. P. maculata ("The 

 body is spotted with brown. Penn. Hist. Quad. p. 523. In- 

 habits the coasts about the Kurile Islands. This species is 

 very scarce ") ; 19. P. nigra (" Has a peculiar conformation of the 

 legs. Penn. Hist. Quad. p. 523. Inhabits the coast about the 

 Kurile Islands. This and the two last species are mentioned 

 by Mr. Pennant as being obscurely described in the manu- 

 scripts of Steller. What the peculiarity in the conformation 

 of the hind legs, in the Black Seal, consists of, is not said"). 



In this case the " numerous additions" are all from Pennant, 

 and embrace nine new names, seven of which are specific and 

 two varietal. In each case explicit reference is made to Pen- 

 nant's species. Kerr's work has been so completely overlooked 

 or ignored by subsequent writers that most of his new names 

 have been attributed to Shaw and other still later sources. 



Pennant, in 1793, published the third and last edition of his 

 " History of Quadrupeds." Although he employed only ver- 

 nacular names, his descriptions are well drawn, and some of 

 them are important from their being the basis, wholly or in 

 part, of several technical names imposed by later writers. Al- 

 though almost exclusively a compilation, the matter relating 

 to the Seals reflects fairly the then present state of knowledge 

 respecting these animals. As it was, furthermore, the last gen- 

 eral account of the Seals published prior to the year 1800, it 

 may well be taken as an exponent of the subject as known a 

 few years prior to that date. 



Under the term " Seal" Pennant embraced all of the Pinni- 

 peds then known, except the Walruses, the term being equiva- 

 lent to "P/ioca" of more technical writers of the same period. 

 The species he recognized are the following : * 1. " Common Seal," 



* L. c., vol. ii, pp. 270-291. 



