xiv Contents 



PAGE 



cytosis in acquired immunity. Negative chemiotaxis of leucocytes. 

 Theory of attenuation of micro-organisms by the fluids of immunised 

 animals. Refutation of this theory. Phagocytosis acts without requiring 

 any previous neutralisation of the toxins. The origin of the fixative and 

 protective properties of the body fluids. The relation between these 

 properties and phagocytosis. The side-chain theory of Ehrlich and the 

 theory of phagocytes. 



CHAPTER X 



RAPID AND TEMPORARY IMMUNITY AGAINST MICRO-ORGANISMS, CONFERRED BY 

 SPECIFIC AND NORMAL SERUMS, OR BY OTHER SUBSTANCES, OR BY MICRO- 

 ORGANISMS OTHER THAN THOSE AGAINST WHICH IT IS DESIRED TO PROTECT 

 AN ANIMAL 300 



Immunity conferred by specific serums. Analogy of the mechanism of this 

 immunity 'with that observed in immunity obtained with pathogenic 

 micro-organisms and their products. Part played by phagocytosis in 

 the immunity conferred by specific serums. Influence of opium on the 

 course of immunisation by these serums. Stimulant action of specific 

 serums. Protective and stimulant action of normal serums. Influence 

 of fluids, other than serums: broth, urine, physiological saline solu- 

 tion, etc. 



Antagonism between anthrax and certain bacteria. 



CHAPTER XI 

 NATURAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TOXINS 325 



Examples of natural immunity against toxins. Immunity of spiders and 

 scorpions against tetanus toxin. Immunity of the scorpion against its 

 own poison. Antivenomous property of the blood of the scorpion. 

 Immunity against tetanus toxin in the larvae of Oryctcs and in the 

 cricket Immunity and susceptibility of frogs against this toxin. 

 Natural immunity of reptiles against tetanus toxin. Antitetanic pro- 

 perty of the blood of alligators. Immunity of snakes against snake 

 venom. Immunity of the fowl against tetanus toxin. Immunity of the 

 hedgehog against poisons and venoms. Immunity of the rat against 

 diphtheria toxin. 



CHAPTER XII 

 ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY AGAINST TOXINS 342 



Adaptation to poisons. Artificial immunity against bacterial and vegetable 

 toxins and against snake venom. Principal methods of immunisation. 

 Immunisation by toxins and toxoids. Inoculation against diphtheria 

 toxin. Phenomena produced in the course of vaccination against toxins. 

 Rise of temperature. Leucocytosis. Development of antitoxic power. 

 Properties of antitoxins. Mode of action of antitoxins. Action of 

 antitoxins in vitro. Their action in the organism. Influence of 

 living elements on the combination of antitoxin with toxin. Antitoxic 

 action of non-specific serums, of normal serums, and of broth. Immunity 



