138 



INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD 



north of latitude 41, with the exception of the North Atlantic 

 States, as far west as longitude 105, the worst injury has been done 

 in northern Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas, though it has also been 

 injurious in the Carolinas and Tennessee. 



The habits of the insect during the winter have not been suffi- 

 ciently studied to speak authoritatively, but it seems probable 

 that it normally passes the winter in the egg stage, the small shin- 

 ing black eggs, one-fortieth inch long, being laid on the leaves in 

 the late fall. In the South, however, it often continues to 

 reproduce throughout the winter, and with a mild winter the 

 numbers so multiply that unless checked by parasites serious 

 injury is done by late winter or early spring. Both wingless and 

 winged forms occur throughout the year. The wingless female 



FIG. 118. The spring grain-aphis or "green bug" (Toxoptera grammum): 

 a, winged migrant; b, antenna of same, a, much enlarged; 6, highly 

 magnified. (From Pergande, U. S. Dept. Agr.) 



is from one-twenty-fifth to one-fourteenth inch long, yellowish- 

 green, with a median line slightly darker, eyes and most of the 

 antenna? black, of the shape shown in Fig. 119. The winged 

 female is slightly larger, with a wing expanse of about one- 

 quarter inch, and of the same general coloration, except that the 

 head is brownish-yellow and the lobes of the thorax are blackish. 

 The aphids hatching from the eggs are all females, which give 

 birth to live young, no male forms occurring during the summer. 

 During her life of slightly over a month a female will give birth to 

 50 or 60 young, which commence to reproduce in the same manner 



