INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ORCHARD FRUITS 483 



found near the surface, and a few individuals may emerge during 

 May and June of the sixteenth year. Early in April of the seven- 

 teenth year the pupse commence to make preparations to emerge 

 from the ground by excavating burrows or exit galleries to the 

 surface. These exits are completed by the 

 last of April. Ordinarily they extend only 

 to the surface, and are kept open from a 

 depth of a few inches to a foot or more. 

 In some soils these exit holes are extended 

 four or five inches above the surface by 

 means of clay carried up from the subsoil, 

 and are called cicada chimneys. The pupsB 

 come from the ground in the evening and 

 at night, usually between sundown and ten 

 o'clock, and proceed to the nearest upright 

 object, which may be a tree, the side of a 

 building, fence, or weed stem anything, in 

 fact, upon which they can climb and expose 

 their bodies to the action of the open air. 

 In about an hour after emerging the skin 

 on the back splits open and the adult insect 

 works its way out (Fig. 406). The wings, 

 which are short and soft at first, rapidly 

 develop; the body, wings and legs harden, 

 and by the following day the adult is ready 

 to take flight and enter upon its short aerial 

 life, limited to about thirty days. During 

 this short period they feed but little, if at 

 all, the males devoting their time during 



the day to flying about and making a noise, FlG - 40 ?T Y - ( ? ng v, tree 



. .. , -if shrouded with cheese 



while the voiceless females busy themselves cloth to prevent cicada 



depositing eggs. " If the young nymphs do jl ^ y< Photo by W< K 

 any injury to the roots of trees or plants, 



it is very rarely perceptible. The adult females, however, are 

 capable of causing serious injury to young fruit trees in orchards 

 and nurseries by the numerous punctures in the twigs, limbs 

 and main stems made by them in the act of ovipositing The egg 

 puncture makes an ugly wound, beyond which the twig dies, and 

 the foliage of large trees on which hundreds of cicadas have 



