498 INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD 



should consult the authors cited (footnote, p. 492) as to the best 

 means and apparatus. Although the pest is still confined to 

 New England, it is such a serious one and there is so much danger 

 of its spread elsewhere, that fruit-growers should be on their 

 guard against it and should submit suspected specimens to the 

 nearest entomologist. Should it be found in any other States, 

 no expense should be spared to exterminate it absolutely before 

 it may become established. 



The Federal authorities, in addition to maintaining a rigid 

 quarantine within the areas infested by the gipsy-moth and the 

 brown-tail moth, have made very intensive biological studies 

 of the insects, both in this country and in its native home in 

 Europe and have imported from Europe many of its natural 

 enemies, including diseases, hymenopterous parasites and pre- 

 daceous insects which attack it. Most important among the 

 latter and possibly the most important of the insect enemies, is 

 the ground beetle Calosoma sycophanta L., which is shown in the 

 accompanying illustration. 



It is hoped that the importation of a large number of different 

 kinds of natural enemies will, in time, reduce these insects to the 

 status of native pests which are occasionally somewhat injurious 

 but which are, over a period of years, held in check by the natural 

 means of control, and the progress of the work during the past 

 few years makes it seem likely that this will be accomplished. 



Canker Worms * 



Since the early colonial days Canker Worms have been among 

 the best-known insect pests of the apple orchard, but they are 

 general feeders and attack several orchard and shade trees. 

 According to Dr. W. E. Britton they " seem to have a 

 preference for the foliage of apple, elm, chestnut, pear, oak, 

 hickory, box-elder, and maple, in about the order named," and 

 cherry and plum are recorded by others. The canker worms are 

 among the most common of the "loopers" or ''measuring worms," 

 and are the larvae of two nearly related species of moths, very 

 similar in both appearance and habits. The larvae defoliate the 



* Family Geometridoe. See D. W. Coquillet, Circular 9, Div. Ent., U. S. 

 Dept. Agr.; W. E. Britton, Biennial Report Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1907- 

 08, p. 777; A. L. Quaintance, Bulletin 68, Part II, Bureau of Entomol- 

 ogy, tJ. S. Dept. Agr. 



