548 INSECT PESTS OF FARM, GARDEN AND ORCHARD 



case-bearer seems to be generally distributed over the eastern 

 United States and southern Canada, while the cigar case-bearer 

 is known to occur in Canada from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, 

 in New York, Michigan, Kansas and New Mexico. As both 

 insects are readily carried on nursery stock they are doubtless 

 much more widely distributed than the records indicate. 



Life History. The life histories of the species are very similar 

 and have been most interestingly described in detail by the 

 authors cited. The young caterpillars hibernate in their Uttle 

 cases, which are attached to the twigs usually near or upon the buds. 

 Those of the pistol case-bearer are about one-eighth inch long 

 and resemble the bark in color. A short time before the leaf- 

 buds burst in the spring, the larvse become active and attack 

 the growing buds, gnawing through the outer cover to feed on 



the tender tissues beneath. 

 Later they feed on the young 

 leaves, making small holes 

 through the surface and feed- 

 ing on the soft tissue within in 

 much the same manner as a true 

 leaf-miner In feeding they do 

 not leave the case, but reach out 

 FIG. 482.-The cases of the cigar as far as possible from it. As 

 case-bearer: a, upper view of the . 



cigar-shaped case; showing the they grow they enlarge their 

 smooth and the hairy sides and the cases . which finally assume the 

 three-lobed hind opening; o, side . . 



view of same; c, the case as it appears shape characteristic of the 

 in the spring with the tube-like species 



addition ;d, the fall and winter case m v ^ f i_ 



much enlarged. (After Hammar, 1 hose of the cigar case-bearer 

 U. S. Dept. Agr.) are straight and resemble a 



miniature cigar, being of a brown color and composed of bits 

 of leaf bound together with silk. The cases of the pistol case- 

 bearer resemble an old-fashioned pistol in shape, the butt being 

 at the upper end, and are blackish, being composed of excrement 

 and silk. As the caterpillars become larger they devour the entire 

 leaf, except the midrib and large veins, and also attack the flower 

 buds, flowers and fruit. The larvse of the cigar case-bearer be- 

 come full grown about the middle of June in New York, when 

 they migrate to the twigs, where they attach their cases firmly to 

 the bark and, turning around so that their heads are outward, 



