HYMENOPTERA. 361 



stantly on her guard, so as to be ready to drive away these marauders 

 from cells newly filled. 



We owe to an English naturalist, Newport, the knowledge of 

 another curious fact relating to the laying of humble bees, which is 

 the expedient the females and the males have recourse to for 

 hastening the hatching of the eggs. They place themselves, like 

 fowls sitting on their eggs, over the cocoons containing the pupae 

 almost hatched. By breathing quickly, these industrious insects 

 raise the temperature of their bodies, and consequently that of the 

 air in the cells. Thanks to this supplementary heat, the metamor- 

 phosis of the pupae is much hastened. Newport, by slipping miniature 

 thermometers between the cocoons of the nymphs and the sitting 

 humble bees, ascertained that the temperature of the latter was about 

 34 C., whilst the temperature of the cocoons left to themselves was 

 only 278 C. ; that of the air in the rest of the nest being only from 

 21 to 24 C. After many hours of incubation, at the same time 

 natural and artificial, in which Art and Nature are so closely allied, 

 after the sitting insects have many times relieved one another, the 

 young humble bees come out of their cells. They are at first soft, 

 greyish, moist, and very susceptible to cold. But after a few hours 

 they become stronger, and the yellow and black bands with which 

 their abdomens are surrounded begin to be marked out. The spring 

 laying produces exclusively workers. The greatest abundance of 

 eggs are laid in August and September. The laying of the female 

 eggs begins in July ; that of the males follows soon after. 



Until autumn the humble bees are incessantly enlarging their 

 nests, and multiplying their little pots of honey. Without accumu- 

 lating a great stock of provisions, for which they have no occasion, 

 they always keep in reserve a quantity of pollen and honey for their 

 -daily wants. The cells in which the honey is stored differ very much 

 in shape. Some species of humble bees give them long and narrow 

 necks ; others, less recherche in their style of construction, simply make 

 cylindrical vases. There are among the humble bees races of artists 

 and races of simple builders ; the one construct with taste, the other 

 only seek the useful. 



During the day the humble bees cull honey from the flowers. At 

 night they enter their home; but a certain number take the liberty of 

 sleeping out. Surprised by the arrival of night in the bottom of the 

 calyx of a sweetly-scented flower, they philosophically determine to 

 sleep in the open air, lying on this perfumed bed, with the heaven as 

 their canopy. 



The coupling of the humble bees takes place towards the end of 



